Lack of fiber in the diet was first postulated (假定) in 1971 as the cause of diseases such as diverticulosis (憩室病︰腸胃壁上的袋狀突出物), hemorrhoids and colorectal cancer. Since then, partly due to widespread media publicity, it is now widely accepted that dietary fiber is a necessary component of a healthy diet and is required for normal bowel movement. It is popularly used in the management of constipation by the public and by many doctors. Insoluble fiber is known to increase stool weight and decrease colonic transit time. Fiber is said to aid in water retention in the colon and results in stools that are less dry and easier to evacuate. However, the reality is that stool moisture content remains at 70%-75% regardless of the amount of fiber and water consumed.
There is recent evidence that low fiber intake does not equate to constipation. Patients with chronic constipation also have similar fiber intake to controls. Patients with chronic constipation may also have worsening symptoms when dietary fiber intake is increased. Another study found that lactulose (乳果糖) was more effective in easing constipation when compared with fiber.
It has also been our experience that many patients with constipation are already consuming a large amount of fiber before they seek medical attention.
Ho, K. S. (2012). Stopping or reducing dietary fiber intake reduces constipation and its associated symptoms. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 18(33), 4593–4596. http://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i33.4593
2020年4月30日星期四
2020年4月24日星期五
偽科學防疫產品
根據 EA Mask 在臉書官方網頁的陳述，該產品成功註冊 FDA Class 1 級別產品，註冊產品號為：D296208
- Disinfector – Medical Device. 日本 EA
Mask 絕對安全使用，是有權威認可有效的空氣消毒產品。
Class I – These devices present minimal potential for harm
to the user and are often simpler in design than Class II or Class III devices.
Example includes elastic bandages. 47% of medical devices fall under this
category and 95% of these are exempt (被豁免的) from the regulatory process.
FDA. (2017, December 29). Learn if a Medical Device Has Been Cleared by FDA for Marketing. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/consumers-medical-devices/learn-if-medical-device-has-been-cleared-fda-marketing
Clearance: 批准
- 全球首創二氧化氯(ClO2)主動式殺菌去味原理
- 可防止細菌病毒交叉感染，環保、滅菌、消毒、去味除臭、清淨空氣
- 獲得野口醫學研究所品質推獎品
- 不產生致癌物及污染環境的多用途環保型殺菌消毒劑
- 美國食品藥物管理局 (FDA) / 美國環境保護署 (EPA) 認可
- 安全、無味、無毒、穩定性強、對人/畜/寵物無害
E.A Mask can produce 0.017 ppm chlorine dioxide to protect a
person wearing it from virus, bacteria and fungi attack within 1 meter circle
from the product. It is suitable for all ages including new born babies and
pregnant women. It can effectively prevent virus and bacteria from spreading in
public transport, school and hospital if everyone is wearing it and prevent a
person who wears it from bringing virus, bacteria and fungi back home via
clothes.
https://www.hktvmall.com
日本大幸藥品（製造「正露丸」的公司）也有出售二氧化氯產品。在其網頁卻有一些有趣的數據：二氧化氯對細菌、真菌、病毒，的確有抵抗的作用，但原來需要的濃度是遠遠超過
0.017 ppm
立場新聞. (2019, April 19). 固體二氧化氯產生劑的 EA
Mask 神奇盾牌...？https://www.thestandnews.com/
Toamit Virus Shut Out is an anti-viral and anti-bacterial personal protection device. This lanyard (頸帶) releases a low concentration of airborne chlorine dioxide to eliminate germs and viruses in the surrounding air. Just wearing this item around your neck creates a barrier against germs and viruses. Toamit Virus Shut Out is made in Japan, so you can rest assured in its safety and quality. Each piece will last approximately 30 days after opening. This device targets airborne germs. It does not replace basic hygiene measures.
https://www.shopee.com.my/
腦殘記
The frontal lobes are located directly behind the forehead. The frontal lobes are the largest lobes in the human brain...The frontal lobes are important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions. Executive functions refer to a collection of cognitive skills including the capacity to plan, organize, initiate, self-monitor and control one’s responses in order to achieve a goal. The frontal lobes are considered our behavior and emotional control center and home to our personality. There is no other part of the brain where lesions can cause such a wide variety of symptoms.
Queensland Government. (2020).Brain Map Frontal Lobes. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/abios/asp/bfrontal
The parietal lobes are located near the back and top of the head. They are important for processing and interpreting somatosensory (somatic: 軀體的) input. For example, they inform us about objects in our external environment through touch (i.e., physical contact with skin) and about the position and movement of our body parts (proprioception: 本體感覺). The parietal lobes are also responsible for integrating sensory input, and construction of a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us.
Queensland Government. (2020). Brain Map: Parietal Lobes. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/abios/asp/bparietal
The primary functions of the temporal lobe are to process sensory information and derive it into meaningful memories, language, and emotions. The temporal lobe is responsible primarily for declarative memory (陳述性記憶), which is memory that can be said out loud, and is subdivided into episodic (life events) and semantic (fact-like) memory. Located within the middle temporal lobe are the hippocampus (海馬迴) and the amygdala (杏仁體︰負責情緒反應). The hippocampus manages the formation of new memories and the conversion of short-term memories into long-term ones...The temporal lobe also plays an essential role in processing sounds. It houses the primary auditory cortex and the superior temporal gyrus (a ridge on the cerebral cortex). The primary auditory cortex can process input from the ears into meaningful units like words and sentences. The sounds we hear first enter the brain in an area within the superior temporal gyrus traveling from the cochlea (耳蝸)...Parts of the temporal lobe aid in processing visual stimuli, primarily to allow us to recognize objects...A specialized area of the temporal lobe, known as the Wernicke area, is found on the dominant hemisphere. It is responsible for processing written and spoken language.
Patel, A.(2020, April 3).Neuroanatomy, Temporal Lobe. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519512/
The cerebral surface of the occipital lobe irregularly molds into eminences called gyri and separated by depressions called sulci (溝)...The occipital lobe is the visual processing area of the brain. It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation.
Rehman, A. (2019, July 6). Neuroanatomy, Occipital Lobe. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544320/
The cerebellum integrates nerve impulses from the labyrinths (內耳迷路) of the ear and from positional sensors in the muscles; cerebellar signals then determine the extent and timing of contraction of individual muscle fibers to make fine adjustments in maintaining balance and posture and to produce smooth, coordinated movements of large muscle masses in voluntary motions.
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020). Cerebellum. https://www.britannica.com/science/nervous-system/The-nerve-cell
Brainstem, area at the base of the brain that lies between the deep structures of the cerebral hemispheres and the cervical spinal cord and that serves a critical role in regulating certain involuntary actions of the body, including heartbeat and breathing.
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020). Brainstem. https://www.britannica.com/science/brainstem
Image: Widmaier, E.P., & Raff, H. (2008). Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
2020年4月20日星期一
法西斯主義
Fascism is a form of government that is a type of one-party dictatorship. They work for a totalitarian (極權主義的) one-party state. This aim is to prepare the nation for armed conflict, and to respond to economic difficulties. Fascism puts nation and often race above the individual. It stands for a centralized government headed by a dictator. Historically, fascist governments tend to be autocratic (獨裁的), militaristic (軍國主義的), and racist.
simple.wikipedia.org
simple.wikipedia.org
2020年4月19日星期日
The Repatriation Agreement
Despite repeated ceasefire violations committed by both sides after the signing of the twenty-four-point agreement, over 2,400 guerrillas and some female cadres of the East River Column out of the 3,174 actually arrived at the point of embarkation (上船) area of Shayuchong and achieved their mission of "victorious repatriation (歸國)" on 29 June 1946.
Although the US military had been providing equipment and material to the KMT to help them in the impending civil war, Colonel Miller and his colleagues remained fair and neutral in their work in the mediation. They earned the respect and admiration of General Zeng Sheng, who called Miller "an Ambassador of Peace".
Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Although the US military had been providing equipment and material to the KMT to help them in the impending civil war, Colonel Miller and his colleagues remained fair and neutral in their work in the mediation. They earned the respect and admiration of General Zeng Sheng, who called Miller "an Ambassador of Peace".
Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Use of "Should"
We can use “should” at the beginning of a sentence when the action in the If-clause is unlikely to happen. We omit the if of the If-clause and put “should” first.
https://www.quora.com/
Should can also go at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, if is dropped.
For example: Should it rain, there will be no picnic today.
https://ell.stackexchange.com/
https://www.quora.com/
Should can also go at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, if is dropped.
For example: Should it rain, there will be no picnic today.
https://ell.stackexchange.com/
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