Partial metering is especially useful when photographing a backlit subject because it prioritizes exposure on the subject itself, ensuring they aren’t rendered too dark against a bright background. The trade-off is that the background often becomes overexposed, but this can be used creatively.
逆光攝影（Backlit Photography）是指將主光源（通常是太陽或燈光）置於主體正後方的一種佈光方式。這種技巧能為照片增添戲劇感、層次感和一種夢幻般的視覺效果。
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int('100', 2)
means: convert the string '100' into an integer, interpreting it as a binary number.
A floating point error usually refers to the small inaccuracies that occur when computers represent and calculate with decimal numbers.
from decimal import Decimal, getcontextThe decimal module in Python is designed to avoid the floating point errors we just talked about. By using Decimal objects, you can represent numbers exactly as decimal fractions, and you can even control the precision of calculations with getcontext.
微距鏡拍攝時背景模糊的主要原因是景深極淺。鏡頭在近距離對焦時，清晰範圍非常有限，導致主體清晰而背景自然模糊。這種效果是微距攝影的特徵之一。
為什麼微距鏡背景容易模糊？
• 景深淺
微距鏡在近距離拍攝時，即使使用小光圈，景深仍然非常有限。只有焦點附近的區域清晰，其他部分迅速失焦，形成背景模糊。
• 放大倍率高
微距鏡能將物體放大到 1:1 或更高比例，這會進一步壓縮景深，使背景更容易模糊。
• 對焦距離短
微距鏡的最近對焦距離通常只有幾十公分甚至更短，這種近距離拍攝本身就會造成背景失焦。
Macro lenses have an extremely shallow depth of field (DOF), often measured in millimeters or less, because of the high magnification and short focusing distance. This is why only a tiny part of the subject is sharp while the rest quickly falls out of focus.
在攝影中，長鏡頭的「壓縮效果」是指透過長焦距鏡頭拍攝時，畫面中遠近物體之間的距離感被「拉近」，使得背景看起來比肉眼所見更靠近主體，整體呈現一種扁平、擁擠的視覺感受。
常見應用場景
善用壓縮效果可以提升照片的藝術張力，常見於以下題材：
人像攝影：讓主體更突出，背景的雜物因「拉近」而變得模糊且緊湊，營造豐富的層次感。
風景攝影：如拍攝「大月亮」或「巨大夕陽」，長鏡頭能讓遠處的天體看起來與前方的建築物或人物比例相近，視覺上非常震撼。
城市建築：將層層疊疊的樓房、街道或人群「擠」在一起，呈現城市生活的繁華與壓迫感。
運動/生態：在無法靠近主體的情況下，捕捉清晰細節的同時保留背景的完整性。
焦距（Focal Length）與景深（Depth of Field, DOF）成反比關係：焦距越長，景深越淺（背景虛化越明顯）；焦距越短，景深越深（前後景都清晰）。
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pricey: expensive
squish (something) if something soft squishes or is squished, it is pushed out of shape when it is pressed
slog: to walk or travel somewhere steadily, with great effort or difficulty
tedious: lasting or taking too long and not interesting
decent: of a good enough standard or quality
conundrum: of a good enough standard or quality
game (for something/to do something) ready and willing to do something new, difficult or dangerous
slouch: to stand, sit or move in a lazy way, often with your shoulders and head bent forward
Bill Gates spent significant time at Harvard’s Aiken Computation Laboratory during the mid-1970s. As a student, Gates often used the lab’s PDP-10 computer for intensive programming, sometimes racking up hundreds of hours of computer time monthly and, along with Paul Allen, was noted for using university resources for early commercial projects.
emulate something (computing) (of a computer program, etc.) to work in the same way as another computer, etc. and perform the same tasks
the pecking order: (informal, often humorous) the order of importance in relation to one another among the members of a group
idle: (of machines, factories, etc.) not in use
chunk: (informal) a fairly large amount of something
frenzied: involving a lot of activity and strong emotions in a way that is often violent or frightening and not under control
sabotage something to prevent something from being successful or being achieved, especially deliberately
bust: (North American English) a thing that is not good
tuck something + adv./prep. to push, fold or turn the ends or edges of clothes, paper, etc. so that they are held in place or look neat
A bootstrap loader is a specialized, small program residing in firmware (ROM/BIOS/UEFI) that initializes hardware and loads the operating system (OS) kernel into memory upon powering on a computer.
magnum opus: a large and important work of art, literature or music, especially one that people think is the best work ever produced by that artist, writer, etc.
Bill Gates "Source Code"
Online Dictionaries Used:
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
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An object is any value that lives in memory in Python (numbers, strings, lists, functions, classes, user‑defined things, etc.).
An instance is an object viewed in relation to its class/type, i.e. “this object is an instance of that class.”
In Python, a constructor is the special method that runs automatically when you create an object from a class, usually used to set up initial attributes.
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age): # constructor
self.name = name
self.age = age
p = Person("Alice", 30)
type(Dog('Rover'))
Python evaluates it like this:
- Dog('Rover') creates a new instance (object) of the Dog class, with 'Rover' passed to its constructor.
- type(...) then returns the type of that object.
So the result is the class itself
myList = [[1,2], ['apple'], [3,4,5]]
listLen = len(myList)
- myList is a list containing three sublists:
- [1, 2]
- ['apple']
- [3, 4, 5]
- When you call len(myList), Python counts the top-level elements of myList, not the items inside each sublist.
In Python, while True: means “keep looping forever” because the condition after while is always True.
Here’s the breakdown:
- while is a loop that repeats as long as its condition is true.
- True is a Boolean constant that never changes.
- So while True: creates an infinite loop — the code inside will run endlessly until you manually stop it (like pressing Ctrl + C in a terminal) or break out of it with a break statement.
