Macro lens

微距鏡拍攝時背景模糊的主要原因是景深極淺。鏡頭在近距離對焦時，清晰範圍非常有限，導致主體清晰而背景自然模糊。這種效果是微距攝影的特徵之一。

為什麼微距鏡背景容易模糊？

• 景深淺

微距鏡在近距離拍攝時，即使使用小光圈，景深仍然非常有限。只有焦點附近的區域清晰，其他部分迅速失焦，形成背景模糊。

• 放大倍率高

微距鏡能將物體放大到 1:1 或更高比例，這會進一步壓縮景深，使背景更容易模糊。

• 對焦距離短

微距鏡的最近對焦距離通常只有幾十公分甚至更短，這種近距離拍攝本身就會造成背景失焦。

Macro lenses have an extremely shallow depth of field (DOF), often measured in millimeters or less, because of the high magnification and short focusing distance. This is why only a tiny part of the subject is sharp while the rest quickly falls out of focus.

Microsoft Copilot

Lens Compression

在攝影中，長鏡頭的「壓縮效果」是指透過長焦距鏡頭拍攝時，畫面中遠近物體之間的距離感被「拉近」，使得背景看起來比肉眼所見更靠近主體，整體呈現一種扁平、擁擠的視覺感受。

常見應用場景

善用壓縮效果可以提升照片的藝術張力，常見於以下題材：

人像攝影：讓主體更突出，背景的雜物因「拉近」而變得模糊且緊湊，營造豐富的層次感。

風景攝影：如拍攝「大月亮」或「巨大夕陽」，長鏡頭能讓遠處的天體看起來與前方的建築物或人物比例相近，視覺上非常震撼。

城市建築：將層層疊疊的樓房、街道或人群「擠」在一起，呈現城市生活的繁華與壓迫感。

運動/生態：在無法靠近主體的情況下，捕捉清晰細節的同時保留背景的完整性。

焦距（Focal Length）與景深（Depth of Field, DOF）成反比關係：焦距越長，景深越淺（背景虛化越明顯）；焦距越短，景深越深（前後景都清晰）。

Google AI Overview

Magnum Opus

pricey: expensive

squish (something) if something soft squishes or is squished, it is pushed out of shape when it is pressed

slog: to walk or travel somewhere steadily, with great effort or difficulty

tedious: lasting or taking too long and not interesting

decent: of a good enough standard or quality

conundrum: of a good enough standard or quality

​game (for something/to do something) ready and willing to do something new, difficult or dangerous

slouch: to stand, sit or move in a lazy way, often with your shoulders and head bent forward

Bill Gates spent significant time at Harvard’s Aiken Computation Laboratory during the mid-1970s. As a student, Gates often used the lab’s PDP-10 computer for intensive programming, sometimes racking up hundreds of hours of computer time monthly and, along with Paul Allen, was noted for using university resources for early commercial projects.

emulate something (computing) (of a computer program, etc.) to work in the same way as another computer, etc. and perform the same tasks

the pecking order: (informal, often humorous) the order of importance in relation to one another among the members of a group

idle: (of machines, factories, etc.) not in use

chunk: (informal) a fairly large amount of something

frenzied: ​involving a lot of activity and strong emotions in a way that is often violent or frightening and not under control

sabotage something to prevent something from being successful or being achieved, especially deliberately

bust: (North American English) a thing that is not good

tuck something + adv./prep. to push, fold or turn the ends or edges of clothes, paper, etc. so that they are held in place or look neat

A bootstrap loader is a specialized, small program residing in firmware (ROM/BIOS/UEFI) that initializes hardware and loads the operating system (OS) kernel into memory upon powering on a computer.

magnum opus: ​a large and important work of art, literature or music, especially one that people think is the best work ever produced by that artist, writer, etc.

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Google AI overview

Quiz

An object is any value that lives in memory in Python (numbers, strings, lists, functions, classes, user‑defined things, etc.).

An instance is an object viewed in relation to its class/type, i.e. “this object is an instance of that class.”

In Python, a constructor is the special method that runs automatically when you create an object from a class, usually used to set up initial attributes.

class Person:

    def __init__(self, name, age):  # constructor

        self.name = name

        self.age = age

p = Person("Alice", 30)

Assuming a Dog class exists,

type(Dog('Rover'))

Python evaluates it like this:

- Dog('Rover') creates a new instance (object) of the Dog class, with 'Rover' passed to its constructor.

- type(...) then returns the type of that object.

So the result is the class itself

myList = [[1,2], ['apple'], [3,4,5]]

listLen = len(myList)

- myList is a list containing three sublists:

- [1, 2]

- ['apple']

- [3, 4, 5]

- When you call len(myList), Python counts the top-level elements of myList, not the items inside each sublist.

false = False

- False (capitalized) is a built-in Boolean constant.

- false (lowercase) is just a variable name you created. Python is case-sensitive, so false and False are completely different things

Tuples in Python are immutable — once created, you cannot add, remove, or change their elements.

In Python, while True: means “keep looping forever” because the condition after while is always True.

Here’s the breakdown:

- while is a loop that repeats as long as its condition is true.

- True is a Boolean constant that never changes.

- So while True: creates an infinite loop — the code inside will run endlessly until you manually stop it (like pressing Ctrl + C in a terminal) or break out of it with a break statement.

Microsoft Copilot

Perplexity.AI

植物解剖學

sepal(萼片): a part of a flower, like a leaf, that lies under and supports the petals (= the thin colored parts that make up the head of the flower). Each flower has a ring of sepals called a calyx.

petal(花瓣): a delicate colored part of a flower. The head of a flower is usually made up of several petals around a central part.

calyx(花萼): the ring of small green leaves (called sepals) that protect a flower before it opens

stamen(雄蕊): a small, thin male part in the middle of a flower that produces pollen and is made up of a stalk supporting an anther. The center of each flower usually has several stamens.

gynoecium(雌蕊): a small, thin male part in the middle of a flower that produces pollen and is made up of a stalk supporting an anther. The center of each flower usually has several stamens.

carpel(心皮): the part of a plant in which seeds are produced

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

喀布爾日常

就像指南針的針永遠指向北方，男人問罪的手指找到的永遠是女人。永遠都是。好好記住吧，瑪黎安。

卡勒德．胡賽尼《燦爛千陽》李靜宜譯

Factorial

def factorial(num):

    if not isinstance(num, int):

        return None

       

    if num < 0:

        return None

   

    if num == 0:

        return 1

    result = 1

    for num in range(1 , num + 1):

        result *= num

    return result

Microsoft Copilot