difference = 2 ** 0.5
f/2 f/2.8 f/4 f/5.6 f/8 f/11 f/16 f/22
EF 35mm f/2 IS USM
焦距 (f) = 35mm
F值 (N) = 2
光圈孔直徑 = f / N
計算：35mm ÷ 2 = 17.5mm
風景: f/8–f/16
需要前後都清楚，深景深；強光下也能避免過曝。
遠攝鏡: 長焦本身就更容易糊背景，即使 f/5.6 也能有明顯淺景深；拍風景時記得收小光圈。
多人合影: f/5.6–f/8
確保不同排的人都清晰，避免有人因景深太淺而糊掉。
定焦大光圈: 人像、弱光很好用，但拍多人或近距離時小心景深太淺導致部分臉糊。
星芒: f/11–f/16
EF 35mm f/2 IS USM 葉片數量有八枚
def function1(varA, varB):
message = 'Some local data'
print(varA)
def inner_function(varA, varB):
print(f'inner_function local scope: {locals()}')
print(locals())
inner_function(123, 456)
function1(1, 2)
Call function1(1, 2)
Parameters: varA = 1, varB = 2.
Inside function1
message = 'Some local data' is created.
print(varA) → prints 1.
Define inner_function
At this point, Python just defines the nested function. It doesn’t run yet.
print(locals()) inside function1
locals() returns a dictionary of all local variables in function1 at that moment:
{ 'varA': 1, 'varB': 2, 'message': 'Some local data', 'inner_function': <function function1.<locals>.inner_function at 0x...> }
inner_function → the variable name in the local scope dictionary.<function ... > → Python is showing you that the value is a function object.function1.<locals>.inner_function → the fully qualified name of the function:function1 → the outer function where it was defined.<locals> → indicates this function was defined inside another function (not at the module/global level).inner_function → the actual name of the nested function.at 0x... → the memory address (hexadecimal) where the function object is stored. This is just an identifier for debugging, not something you usually use directly.Call inner_function(123, 456)
New scope is created for inner_function.
Parameters: varA = 123, varB = 456.
locals() inside inner_function shows:
inner_function local scope: {'varA': 123, 'varB': 456}Microsoft Copilotpoised: having a calm and confident manner and in control of your feelings and behavior
distinctly: in a way that is clearly noticeable or very definite
Currier House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses of Harvard College.
nerdy: boring, stupid and not fashionable
physicality: the quality of being full of energy and force
crimson: a dark red color
exuberance: the quality of being full of energy, excitement and happiness
archaic: old and no longer used
Kent Evans was Bill Gates’s close childhood best friend and bright computer peer at Lakeside School in Seattle. He likely would have been a co-founder of Microsoft alongside Gates and Paul Allen, but his life was tragically cut short at age 17 in a 1972 mountaineering accident.
hash out: to discuss something carefully and completely in order to reach an agreement or decide something
General Electric (GE) is a historic American multinational conglomerate that completed a multi-year split into three independent, publicly traded companies focused on aerospace, energy, and healthcare.
underbid: to offer to do work or provide a service for a lower price than someone else
pan out: (informal) (of events or a situation) to develop in a particular way
oversight: the fact of making a mistake because you forget to do something or you do not notice something
grouse: to complain about somebody/something in a way that other people find annoying
incessantly: without stopping
factor into: to include a particular fact or situation when you are thinking about or planning something
blowup: an occasion when somebody suddenly becomes angry
Fortran is a third-generation, compiled, imperative programming language designed for numeric computation and scientific computing.
nail someone down: to make someone give you exact details or a firm decision about something
trample: to step heavily on somebody/something so that you damage or harm them/it with your feet
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), trading as Digital, was a major American computer company founded in 1957 by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson. It pioneered the minicomputer industry with the PDP and VAX series before being acquired by Compaq in 1998.
prowess: great skill at doing something
Bill Gates "Source Code"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
dictionary.cambridge.org
en.wikipedia.org
weird: very strange or unusual and difficult to explain
keep your/an eye out for someone/something: to watch carefully for someone or something to appear
imminent: (especially of something unpleasant) likely to happen very soon
linger: to continue to exist for longer than expected
pervasive: present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place
apprehension: worry or fear that something unpleasant may happen
It is important to learn to identify stress and anxiety so that we can respond accordingly and support ourselves more effectively.
A blanket statement is a broad, sweeping claim that applies a single rule, idea, or observation to an entire group or situation without noting any exceptions, differences, or details.
sweeping: (disapproving) too general and failing to think about or understand particular examples
reprimand: to tell somebody officially that you do not approve of them or their actions
dread: a feeling of great fear about something that might or will happen in the future; a thing that causes this feeling
ingrained (in somebody/something) (of a habit, an attitude, etc.) that has existed for a long time and is therefore difficult to change
alleviate something: to make something less severe
mitigate something: to make something less harmful, serious, etc.
Anxiety often becomes ingrained in a habit loop, a neurological pattern involving cue, routine and reward.
Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a normal, involuntary reflex that allows your eyes to track a continuously moving visual scene and maintain stable vision without blurring. Unlike abnormal forms of nystagmus, OKN is a sign of a healthy, functioning neurological and visual system.
Imagine sitting on a train and looking out the window. As trees and poles pass by, your eyes smoothly follow one object, then quickly snap back to catch the next. That rhythmic "follow–reset–follow–reset" pattern is optokinetic nystagmus.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a structured psychotherapy approach originally developed to help people process traumatic memories. It’s widely used for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but has also been applied to anxiety, depression, and phobias.
A person with PTSD from a car accident might recall the event while following the therapist’s fingers moving side to side. Over repeated sets, the memory becomes less vivid and less distressing, and the person may shift from “I’m unsafe” to “I survived and I’m safe now.”
primal: connected with the earliest origins of life; very basic
Research shows that the amygdala is more active in people who live in cities compared to those who live in rural areas. When you are feeling stressed and anxious, one of the best tools is go outside for a walk so that you can process your thoughts and emotions without the fear processing. This is where the phrase "going for a walk to clear my head" comes from.
研究顯示，與鄉村居民相比，居住在城市的人杏仁核活動較高，杏仁核負責處理恐懼與壓力反應。當你感到緊張或焦慮時，外出散步能暫時遠離引發恐懼的刺激，讓大腦有空間整理想法與情緒，這就是「散步清理思緒」這句話的由來。
revert: to reply
研究與權威定義指出，自我催眠是個人主動進入一種放鬆且專注的心理狀態，在此狀態下可用意象、暗示或呼吸等方法改變感受、想法或行為。自我催眠通常包含三個步驟：放鬆（誘導進入平靜狀態）、聚焦與暗示（對自己說正向或具體的建議）、以及結束回復（溫和回到清醒狀態）。它常被用來減輕壓力、改善睡眠、控制疼痛或改變習慣，且在受過訓練的人士指導下較為安全有效。
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
dictionary.cambridge.org
en.wikipedia.org
Google AI Overview
Explanation by Microsoft Copilot
overwhelming: IPA[ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ]
spark off: activate or initiate
cascade: a large number of things falling or coming quickly at the same time
millennial: connected with a period of a thousand years
sanity: the state of being sensible and reasonable
the cherry on top: something that makes something that is already good even better, or perfect
submission: the act of accepting that somebody has defeated you and that you must obey them
awe: feelings of respect and slight fear; feelings of being very impressed by something/somebody
remorse: the feeling of being extremely sorry for something wrong or bad that you have done
contempt: the feeling that somebody/something is without value and deserves no respect at all
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
Explanation by Microsoft Copilot