Achilles tendon

Achilles：希臘英雄阿基里斯（Achilles），他全身刀槍不入，唯獨腳踝是弱點。

是人體最強壯、最厚的腱，但也容易受傷（例如運動員的「阿基里斯腱斷裂」）。

Microsoft Copilot

Keep yourself busy

if somebody/something works or happens in tandem with somebody/something else, they work together or happen at the same time

The Central Executive Network (CEN), also called the Frontoparietal Network, is a large‑scale brain system responsible for executive functions like working memory, decision‑making, and goal‑directed behavior. It is mainly anchored in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex. 

ponder: to think about something carefully for a period of time

see-saw:  a piece of equipment for children to play on consisting of a long flat piece of wood that is supported in the middle. A child sits at each end and makes the see-saw move up and down.

The Salience Network (SN) is a core brain system that acts like a “switchboard,” helping you detect important internal and external stimuli and decide whether to engage the Default Mode Network (DMN) or the Central Executive Network (CEN).

salience: ​the quality of being particularly important or easy to notice

revert to something: to return to a former state; to start doing something again that you used to do in the past

dismantle something: to end an organization or a system gradually in an organized way

Emerging evidence means new, freshly uncovered, or developing facts and data that support a specific trend, hypothesis, or shift in clinical, scientific, or social understanding.

render: to cause somebody/something to be in a particular state or condition

vivid: (of memories, a description, etc.) producing very clear pictures in your mind

utmost: greatest; most extreme

unapologetically: without saying or showing that you are sorry about something, even in situations in which other people might expect you to

notable: deserving to be noticed or to receive attention; important

confines: limits or borders

Nicole Vignola "Rewire"

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

dictionary.cambridge.org

Microsoft Copilot

Dreaming again

Canon EOS R8 Mark II is an entry level camera. RF 24‑105mm f/4L is a luxury lens. Although lens is more important than body, is it worthwhile to buy a luxury lens for an entry level camera?

This is a really thoughtful question — and it touches on one of the most debated topics in photography: is it better to invest in the lens or the body?

Lens importance: The lens defines sharpness, contrast, color rendering, and bokeh. A high‑quality lens like the RF 24‑105mm f/4L IS USM will deliver professional‑grade results even on an entry‑level body.

Body importance: The camera body contributes sensor performance, autofocus speed, ergonomics, and video features. But bodies evolve quickly — today’s “entry‑level” R8 Mark II already has IBIS, advanced AF, and strong video specs.

Yes, it’s worthwhile if you see photography as a long‑term pursuit. The lens will outlast the body and can move with you when you upgrade to R6 Mark III or R7 later.

No, it’s less worthwhile if budget is tight and you mainly shoot casual travel or family photos — in that case, the RF 24‑105mm STM (~395g, cheaper) gives good results without overspending.

Canon EOS R8 Mark II body is indeed lighter than the RF 24‑105mm f/4L IS USM lens. The center of gravity shifts forward. This is common with mirrorless cameras, since bodies are designed to be compact while pro lenses remain substantial.

Balance: You’ll feel the weight in your left hand supporting the lens, not in the grip. A wrist strap or tripod helps for long sessions.

Image quality: The L‑series optics more than compensate for the imbalance — sharper, better contrast, weather‑sealed.

Microsoft Copilot

太空軍備競賽

The U.S. Space Force just made history: Air Force Secretary Troy Meink publicly confirmed for the first time that the U.S. has deployed on-orbit space weapons to defend against hostile adversaries. This marks a major shift in U.S. military transparency and could accelerate an arms race in space.

adversary: a person that somebody is opposed to and competing with in an argument or a battle

Microsoft Copilot

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Prime lens

大光圈定焦鏡雖然提升低光能力，但景深淺、只能把焦點放在某一位置、背景會模糊。

攝影時的直接調整（最推薦先嘗試）

• 縮小光圈：把 f/2 改為 f/2.8 或 f/4 可顯著增加景深。若光線不足，可同步提高 ISO 或放慢快門（注意手持極限）。適用於可控制曝光或靜態場景。
• 拉遠距離 / 改變構圖：把相機往後退、或讓被攝體離背景更近／遠，能改變景深感與背景模糊程度。這是最不破壞畫質的方式。

大光圈定焦鏡提供的是「畫面語言與光學特性」而非單純的曝光補償。

低光手持能力：即使有三腳架，很多場景需要手持快速反應（街拍、活動），大光圈能讓你用更低 ISO 或更快快門。

創作限制促進進步：定焦限制你移動與構圖，反而能鍛鍊視覺判斷與主題處理。

體積與重量：某些大光圈定焦比高端變焦更輕便，長時間外拍更省力。

Microsoft  Copilot

Anatomy of a class

In Python, instance attributes are variables that belong to a specific object created from a class. They are usually defined inside the __init__ method using self, and each object has its own independent copy of these attributes. This makes them different from class attributes, which are shared across all instances.

class Car:

    def __init__(self, brand, model):

        # Instance attributes

        self.brand = brand

        self.model = model

car1 = Car("Toyota", "Camry")

car2 = Car("Honda", "Civic")

print(car1.brand, car1.model)  # Toyota Camry

print(car2.brand, car2.model)  # Honda Civic

class Dog:

    def __init__(self, name):

        self.name = name

        self.legs = 4

    

    def speak(self):

        print(self.name + ' says: Bark!')

myDog = Dog('Rover')

print(myDog.name)

print(myDog.legs)

Class Definition

You define a class Dog with an __init__ method and a speak method.




__init__ Method

Runs automatically when you create a new Dog object.

self.name = name → assigns the given name to the instance.

self.legs = 4 → every dog object starts with 4 legs.

Instance Attributes

self.name and self.legs are instance attributes.

Each Dog object has its own copy of these attributes.

Creating an Object

myDog = Dog('Rover') → creates a new Dog instance with name = "Rover" and legs = 4.

Accessing Attributes

print(myDog.name) → prints "Rover".

print(myDog.legs) → prints 4.

Method Usage

If you call myDog.speak(), it will print:

Rover says: Bark!

adorable: very attractive and easy to feel love for

Static attributes in Python are what we usually call class attributes. Unlike instance attributes (unique to each object), static/class attributes are shared across all instances of the class. They are defined directly inside the class body, not inside __init__.

connotation: ​an idea suggested by a word in addition to its main meaning

In Python, a getter function is a method that allows you to safely access (or "get") the value of an attribute from a class. It’s often used together with properties to control how attributes are read, especially when you want to add validation, formatting, or encapsulation.

Encapsulation in Python is the practice of bundling data (attributes) and the methods (functions) that operate on that data into a single unit, typically a class. Its primary goal is to hide internal implementation details and restrict direct access to an object's state to prevent accidental modifications.

class Dog: _legs = 4 # static/class attribute def __init__(self, name): self.name = name # instance attribute def getLegs(self): # getter function return self._legs def speak(self): print(self.name + ' says: Bark!') myDog = Dog('Rover') print(myDog.name) # Rover print(myDog.getLegs()) # 4

In your example, you’ve introduced a static (class) attribute _legs and a getter function getLegs() to access it.

Static/Class Attribute (_legs)

Defined directly in the class body (_legs = 4).

Shared across all Dog objects.

Accessible via Dog._legs or through an instance (myDog._legs).

Instance Attribute (name)

Defined inside __init__ using self.name.

Unique to each object (e.g., Rover, Buddy, Max).

Getter Function (getLegs)

Provides controlled access to the static attribute.

Returns self._legs, which refers to the class-level _legs.

myDog = Dog('Rover') myDog._legs = 3 print(myDog.name) print(myDog.getLegs()) print(Dog._legs)

Class Attribute _legs = 4

Defined at the class level.

Shared by all Dog objects unless shadowed.

Instance Creation

myDog = Dog('Rover') → creates a new dog with name = "Rover".

At this point, myDog sees _legs from the class (Dog._legs = 4).

Assigning myDog._legs = 3

This does not change the class attribute.

Instead, it creates a new instance attribute _legs on myDog only.

Now myDog has its own _legs = 3, shadowing the class’s _legs.

Printing Values

print(myDog.name) → "Rover" (instance attribute).

print(myDog.getLegs()) → 3 (because self._legs now refers to the instance attribute).

print(Dog._legs) → 4 (class attribute remains unchanged).

Microsoft Copilot

避免重複負面的言論

grab: to take or hold somebody/something with your hand suddenly or roughly

zesty: ​that tastes or smells sharp and fresh

compel: to force somebody to do something; to make something necessary

perpetuate: to make something such as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a long time

gasp: to take a quick deep breath with your mouth open, especially because you are surprised or in pain

Our words shape the way we think, and the way we think shapes how we feel; how we feel determines what we do, and what we do determines our belief.

這句話說明一個循環因果：我們的語言（說的話）會影響思維方式，而思維方式又會影響情緒；情緒決定行為，行為反過來形塑信念。換言之，語言 → 思考 → 感受 → 行為 → 信念，任何一環的改變都會影響整個自我認知與世界觀。

minute: tiny

Mind wandering is the natural drifting of your attention away from an external task and toward your internal thoughts and daydreams.

The Default Mode Network (DMN) is a large-scale brain system most active when you’re not focused on external tasks—such as during daydreaming, self-reflection, or imagining the future. It plays a central role in constructing your sense of self, but disruptions in its activity are linked to conditions like Alzheimer’s, depression, and autism.

Metacognition is the ability to think about your own thinking—monitoring, evaluating, and regulating how you learn, remember, and solve problems. It is central to effective learning, decision-making, and self-awareness.

Self-referential thinking is a cognitive process where you relate neutral external events, information, or stimuli directly to yourself.

underscore: to emphasize or show that something is important or true

sift: to examine something very carefully in order to decide what is important or useful or to find something important

Nicole Vignola "Rewire"

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Google AI overview

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