Negativity Bias

lard: a solid white substance made from the melted fat of pigs that is used in cooking

recount: to tell somebody about something, especially something that you have experienced

malevolent: having or showing a desire to harm other people

melodramatic: full of exciting and extreme emotions or events; behaving or reacting to something in an exaggerated way

embellish: embellish something to make something more beautiful by adding decoration to it

piss somebody off: to make somebody annoyed or bored

gloom and doom: a general feeling of having lost all hope, and of pessimism (= expecting things to go badly)

gleaming: shining brightly because of being very clean

conspire: to secretly plan with other people to do something illegal or harmful

dwell on: to think or talk a lot about something, especially something it would be better to forget

ruin: to damage something so badly that it loses all its value, pleasure, etc.

The science of negativity bias concludes that when there are equal measures of good and bad emotions, the psychological effects of the bad ones outweigh the good ones.

For example, if you receive a bunch of great comments on your social media post but one negative one, you are more likely to dwell on the negative comment for the rest of your day or week.

負面偏見指心理學發現：當好壞情緒同等時，負面情緒的影響力更大，比正面情緒更容易被記住和放大。這會讓人對壞的事反應更強烈、花更多時間思考或擔憂。

例如在社群貼文中，即使收到很多正面留言，一則負評也更可能佔據你的注意力，讓你整天或好幾天都反覆想起那條負評。

attuned (to somebody/something) familiar with somebody/something so that you can understand or recognize them or it and act in an appropriate way

gratitude: the feeling of being grateful and wanting to express your thanks

The most detrimental part about this negativity bias is that we all have a narrative that we repeat, a story that we tell ourselves and others about ourselves.

detrimental: harmful

perpetuate: to make something such as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a long time

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社交媒體與心理疲勞

When we use social media during our work breaks as a form of distraction, thinking that we are giving our brains a break, our energy resources are, in fact, still being allocated to something that is mentally taxing - getting a kick from doom-scrolling. This leads to cognitive overload, a state where the mind is overwhelmed by excessive information or stimuli, hindering our brain processing.

在工作休息時使用社交媒體並非真正讓大腦休息，因為瀏覽短片、滑動資訊仍然消耗心力。這樣會造成認知過載，即大腦被過多資訊刺激淹沒，導致思考與處理能力下降。

Being mentally taxing means a task or situation drains your brain and focus. It feels like your mind ran a long race, leaving you tired, stressed, or unable to think clearly

Doom-scrolling is the compulsive habit of spending excessive time scrolling through social media or news feeds to read negative, distressing, or alarming content.

incessant: never stopping

Curated content is the process of gathering, organizing, and sharing high-quality material created by others.

architect: a person whose job is designing buildings

treadmill: work or a way of life that is boring or makes you tired because it involves always doing the same things

Mental heuristics are fast "rules of thumb" or cognitive shortcuts that let people make quick decisions, solve problems, and form judgments with little mental energy. Pioneered by researchers like Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, these tools save time, but they can also cause systematic errors or cognitive biases.

ingrained (in somebody/something) (of a habit, an attitude, etc.) that has existed for a long time and is therefore difficult to change

Social media apps use variable reward schedules - like slot machines - triggering dopamine spikes in the brain's reward pathway via likes, notifications, and infinite scrolling of novel content. This loop drives compulsive habits and can lead to a post-scroll dopamine deficit, leaving you feeling drained.

A slippery slope is a bad path or action. Once you start down this path, it is hard to stop. Small problems or choices lead to much bigger trouble.

lull somebody to make somebody relaxed and calm

paradoxically: in a way that seems strange, impossible or unlikely because it has two opposite features or contains two opposite ideas

thrill: a strong feeling of excitement or pleasure; an experience that gives you this feeling

yo-yo: a condition or situation marked by regular fluctuations from one extreme to another

drastically: in an extreme way that has a sudden, serious or violent effect on something

"Low-hanging fruit" is a common business and everyday phrase. It means an easy goal or a simple task that you can finish right now. Just like fruit on the lowest tree branch, these easy wins take very little effort to grab before you try harder work.

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Meaning

On Canon EOS cameras, “Tv” mode means Time Value (shutter‑priority mode). It lets you manually set the shutter speed while the camera automatically adjusts the aperture for correct exposure—ideal for freezing fast action or creating motion blur.

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Functions in Python

In Python, the return statement is used inside a function to send a value back to the caller and immediately stop the function’s execution. If no value is specified, Python automatically returns None.

def x():

    return 5

You define a function named x.

Inside the function, the return 5 statement tells Python to immediately stop running the function and send back the value 5.

Whenever you call x(), the function will give you 5.

In Python, the __code__ attribute is a special property of function objects that gives you access to the underlying code object representing the compiled function body.

def add(a, b):

    return a + b

print(add.__code__)  

# Output: <code object add at 0x..., file "script.py", line 1>

print(add.__code__.co_varnames)   # ('a', 'b')

print(add.__code__.co_argcount)   # 2

print(add.__code__.co_filename)   # "script.py"

print(add.__code__.co_name)       # "add"

backslash n

In Python, \n is the escape sequence for a newline character. It tells Python to move the cursor to the next line when printing text.

for punctuation in punctuations:

is a for loop in Python. It means: “Take each element from the list punctuations one by one, and temporarily call it punctuation.”

text = text.replace('\n', ' ')

means: “Take the string stored in text, and replace every newline character (\n) with a space (' ').”

So here, every line break is turned into a space.

def removeShortWords(text):

    return ' '.join([word for word in text.split() if len(word) > 3])

is a list comprehension filter that removes short words (length ≤ 3) from a string.

text.split() → splits the string into words (by spaces). Example: "This is a test" → ["This", "is", "a", "test"].

[word for word in text.split() if len(word) > 3] → keeps only words longer than 3 characters.

' '.join([...]) → joins the filtered words back into a single string with spaces.

In Python, lambda functions are small, anonymous functions defined with the lambda keyword. They’re often used when you need a quick, throwaway function without formally writing def.

In Python, sorted() is a built‑in function that returns a new sorted list from any iterable (like lists, tuples, or strings). It does not modify the original object — it creates a new one.

Iterable: a programming concept for data collections you can loop through

myList = [{'num': 3}, {'num': 2}, {'num': 1}]

sorted(myList, key=lambda x: x['num'])

The key=lambda x: x['num'] tells Python: “Sort by the value of the 'num' field inside each dictionary.”




lambda x: x['num'] is a small anonymous function that takes each dictionary (x) and returns the value associated with the key 'num'.

A dictionary in Python is a built‑in data structure that stores data as key–value pairs. Think of it like a real dictionary: the key is the word you look up, and the value is the definition you get.

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物候學

物候學（Phenology）是一門研究生物季節性現象與環境因子之間關係的科學。它關注的是植物、動物在一年四季中隨著氣候變化而出現的週期性活動，例如開花、結果、遷徙、蛙鳴、昆蟲羽化等。

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忍讓

即使母親多麼的愚昧，

自己都要忍讓，

因為我只有一個媽媽。

攝影構圖

嘗試從漫無目的的主題中擷取較理想的部分來取景。在自己要拍攝的影像上，決定好主要被攝體，並作出能夠突顯主角的構圖配置。

減法構圖適用情況

• 需要強烈視覺焦點或情感張力時。

• 背景雜亂或會分散注意力時。

• 想表現孤立、簡潔或抽象意象時。

與強調主題的減法構圖之逆向思維，就是添加配角的加法構圖。例如稍擴大拍攝範圍，將觀看夕陽的人群一併拍攝下來。

加法構圖適用情況

• 想呈現場景關係、敘事或情境時。

• 配角或環境能為主題提供對比、規模或情緒時。

實務建議

• 先確定拍攝目的：情感、故事、紀實或美感。

• 根據目的選擇減法或加法，或在同一場景中嘗試兩種做法以比較效果。

• 注意構圖元素的層次與視覺引導，確保即使加入配角，觀眾仍能自然聚焦於主題。

《完全活用! 構圖曝光大事典: 徹底提昇攝影力的301個致勝技巧》

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Book content and AI information are edited

P Mode

P 模式（Program AE）是一種半自動模式：相機自動設定光圈與快門速度，但你仍可調整 ISO、白平衡、曝光補償、閃光燈等。它比全自動模式更靈活，適合快速拍攝街景、旅行或活動。

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Neurochemicals and emotions

understatement: a statement that makes something seem less important, impressive, serious, etc. than it really is

elated: very happy and excited because of something good that has happened, or will happen

euphoric: extremely happy or excited

A social butterfly is an informal term for a friendly, outgoing person who loves to talk, go to parties, and move easily between different groups of people. The phrase compares a person to a butterfly that flits lightly from flower to flower.

flit: to move lightly and quickly from one place or thing to another

epic: a long and difficult job or activity that you think people should admire

grateful: feeling or showing thanks because somebody has done something kind for you or has done as you asked

agitated: showing in your behavior that you are anxious and nervous

gratitude: the feeling of being grateful and wanting to express your thanks

fascinating: ​extremely interesting and attractive

literally: exactly

dictate: determine

hypervigilance: extreme alertness, care, or caution; a state of or tendency towards being overly aware of one's environment and the potential dangers it presents

anticipation: the fact of seeing that something might happen in the future and perhaps doing something about it now

Being emotionally dysregulated means that we can experience heightened levels of stress, anxiety and even panic in response to mild stressors...In this scenario, creating a narrative for the situation can be helpful. We can do this by talking to friends and family about how we are feeling or by journaling.

情緒失調是指即使面對輕微壓力，也會出現強烈的壓力、焦慮或恐慌反應，情緒容易劇烈波動且難以自行平復。

在這種情況下，為情境建立敘事能幫助理清思緒；透過向親友傾訴或寫日記，把感受說出或寫下來，可以更清楚地理解自己的情緒、減輕壓力，並找到更合適的應對方式。

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光圈

difference = 2 ** 0.5

f/2 f/2.8 f/4 f/5.6 f/8 f/11 f/16 f/22

EF 35mm f/2 IS USM

焦距 (f) = 35mm

F值 (N) = 2

光圈孔直徑 = f / N

計算：35mm ÷ 2 = 17.5mm

風景: f/8–f/16

需要前後都清楚，深景深；強光下也能避免過曝。

遠攝鏡: 長焦本身就更容易糊背景，即使 f/5.6 也能有明顯淺景深；拍風景時記得收小光圈。

多人合影: f/5.6–f/8

確保不同排的人都清晰，避免有人因景深太淺而糊掉。

定焦大光圈: 人像、弱光很好用，但拍多人或近距離時小心景深太淺導致部分臉糊。

星芒: f/11–f/16

EF 35mm f/2 IS USM 葉片數量有八枚

Variables and scope

def function1(varA, varB):

    message = 'Some local data'

    print(varA)

    def inner_function(varA, varB):

        print(f'inner_function local scope: {locals()}')

    

    print(locals())

    inner_function(123, 456)

function1(1, 2)

Call function1(1, 2)

Parameters: varA = 1, varB = 2.

Inside function1

message = 'Some local data' is created.

print(varA) → prints 1.

Define inner_function

At this point, Python just defines the nested function. It doesn’t run yet.

print(locals()) inside function1

locals() returns a dictionary of all local variables in function1 at that moment:

{ 'varA': 1, 'varB': 2, 'message': 'Some local data', 'inner_function': <function function1.<locals>.inner_function at 0x...> }

So you’ll see a dictionary printed with those names and values.




inner_function → the variable name in the local scope dictionary.

<function ... > → Python is showing you that the value is a function object.

function1.<locals>.inner_function → the fully qualified name of the function:

function1 → the outer function where it was defined.

<locals> → indicates this function was defined inside another function (not at the module/global level).

inner_function → the actual name of the nested function.

at 0x... → the memory address (hexadecimal) where the function object is stored. This is just an identifier for debugging, not something you usually use directly.

Call inner_function(123, 456)

• New scope is created for inner_function.

• Parameters: varA = 123, varB = 456.

• locals() inside inner_function shows:

{ 'varA': 123, 'varB': 456 }

That’s printed as: inner_function local scope: {'varA': 123, 'varB': 456}

Microsoft Copilot

忍耐

媽媽如何無理取鬧，都要啞忍。

因為我只有一位母親。

Building Up

poised: having a calm and confident manner and in control of your feelings and behavior

distinctly: in a way that is clearly noticeable or very definite

Currier House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses of Harvard College.

nerdy: boring, stupid and not fashionable

physicality: the quality of being full of energy and force

crimson: a dark red color

exuberance: the quality of being full of energy, excitement and happiness

archaic: old and no longer used

Kent Evans was Bill Gates’s close childhood best friend and bright computer peer at Lakeside School in Seattle. He likely would have been a co-founder of Microsoft alongside Gates and Paul Allen, but his life was tragically cut short at age 17 in a 1972 mountaineering accident.

hash out: to discuss something carefully and completely in order to reach an agreement or decide something

General Electric (GE) is a historic American multinational conglomerate that completed a multi-year split into three independent, publicly traded companies focused on aerospace, energy, and healthcare.

underbid: to offer to do work or provide a service for a lower price than someone else

pan out: (informal) (of events or a situation) to develop in a particular way

oversight: the fact of making a mistake because you forget to do something or you do not notice something

grouse: to complain about somebody/something in a way that other people find annoying

incessantly: without stopping

factor into: to include a particular fact or situation when you are thinking about or planning something

blowup: an occasion when somebody suddenly becomes angry

Fortran is a third-generation, compiled, imperative programming language designed for numeric computation and scientific computing.

nail someone down: to make someone give you exact details or a firm decision about something

trample: to step heavily on somebody/something so that you damage or harm them/it with your feet

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), trading as Digital, was a major American computer company founded in 1957 by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson. It pioneered the minicomputer industry with the PDP and VAX series before being acquired by Compaq in 1998.

prowess: great skill at doing something

Bill Gates "Source Code"

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Anxiety

weird: very strange or unusual and difficult to explain

keep your/an eye out for someone/something: to watch carefully for someone or something to appear

imminent: ​(especially of something unpleasant) likely to happen very soon

linger: to continue to exist for longer than expected

pervasive: present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place

apprehension: worry or fear that something unpleasant may happen

It is important to learn to identify stress and anxiety so that we can respond accordingly and support ourselves more effectively.

A blanket statement is a broad, sweeping claim that applies a single rule, idea, or observation to an entire group or situation without noting any exceptions, differences, or details.

sweeping: (disapproving) too general and failing to think about or understand particular examples

reprimand: to tell somebody officially that you do not approve of them or their actions

dread: a feeling of great fear about something that might or will happen in the future; a thing that causes this feeling

ingrained (in somebody/something) (of a habit, an attitude, etc.) that has existed for a long time and is therefore difficult to change

alleviate something: to make something less severe

mitigate something: to make something less harmful, serious, etc.

Anxiety often becomes ingrained in a habit loop, a neurological pattern involving cue, routine and reward.

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a normal, involuntary reflex that allows your eyes to track a continuously moving visual scene and maintain stable vision without blurring. Unlike abnormal forms of nystagmus, OKN is a sign of a healthy, functioning neurological and visual system.

Imagine sitting on a train and looking out the window. As trees and poles pass by, your eyes smoothly follow one object, then quickly snap back to catch the next. That rhythmic "follow–reset–follow–reset" pattern is optokinetic nystagmus.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a structured psychotherapy approach originally developed to help people process traumatic memories. It’s widely used for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but has also been applied to anxiety, depression, and phobias.

A person with PTSD from a car accident might recall the event while following the therapist’s fingers moving side to side. Over repeated sets, the memory becomes less vivid and less distressing, and the person may shift from “I’m unsafe” to “I survived and I’m safe now.”

primal: connected with the earliest origins of life; very basic

Research shows that the amygdala is more active in people who live in cities compared to those who live in rural areas. When you are feeling stressed and anxious, one of the best tools is go outside for a walk so that you can process your thoughts and emotions without the fear processing. This is where the phrase "going for a walk to clear my head" comes from.

研究顯示，與鄉村居民相比，居住在城市的人杏仁核活動較高，杏仁核負責處理恐懼與壓力反應。當你感到緊張或焦慮時，外出散步能暫時遠離引發恐懼的刺激，讓大腦有空間整理想法與情緒，這就是「散步清理思緒」這句話的由來。

revert: to reply

研究與權威定義指出，自我催眠是個人主動進入一種放鬆且專注的心理狀態，在此狀態下可用意象、暗示或呼吸等方法改變感受、想法或行為。自我催眠通常包含三個步驟：放鬆（誘導進入平靜狀態）、聚焦與暗示（對自己說正向或具體的建議）、以及結束回復（溫和回到清醒狀態）。它常被用來減輕壓力、改善睡眠、控制疼痛或改變習慣，且在受過訓練的人士指導下較為安全有效。

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他汀類藥物

Simvastatin 和 Atorvastatin 都屬於「他汀類藥物」，主要用於降低膽固醇和預防心血管疾病，但 Atorvastatin 效力較強、作用時間較長，臨床上更常用於需要大幅降低 LDL 的患者；Simvastatin 則較溫和，常用於中度高膽固醇或心血管風險較低的人群。

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