difference = 2 ** 0.5
f/2 f/2.8 f/4 f/5.6 f/8 f/11 f/16 f/22
EF 35mm f/2 IS USM
焦距 (f) = 35mm
F值 (N) = 2
光圈孔直徑 = f / N
計算：35mm ÷ 2 = 17.5mm
風景: f/8–f/16
需要前後都清楚，深景深；強光下也能避免過曝。
遠攝鏡: 長焦本身就更容易糊背景，即使 f/5.6 也能有明顯淺景深；拍風景時記得收小光圈。
多人合影: f/5.6–f/8
確保不同排的人都清晰，避免有人因景深太淺而糊掉。
定焦大光圈: 人像、弱光很好用，但拍多人或近距離時小心景深太淺導致部分臉糊。
星芒: f/11–f/16
EF 35mm f/2 IS USM 葉片數量有八枚
def function1(varA, varB):
message = 'Some local data'
print(varA)
def inner_function(varA, varB):
print(f'inner_function local scope: {locals()}')
print(locals())
inner_function(123, 456)
function1(1, 2)
Call function1(1, 2)
Parameters: varA = 1, varB = 2.
Inside function1
message = 'Some local data' is created.
print(varA) → prints 1.
Define inner_function
At this point, Python just defines the nested function. It doesn’t run yet.
print(locals()) inside function1
locals() returns a dictionary of all local variables in function1 at that moment:
{ 'varA': 1, 'varB': 2, 'message': 'Some local data', 'inner_function': <function function1.<locals>.inner_function at 0x...> }
inner_function → the variable name in the local scope dictionary.<function ... > → Python is showing you that the value is a function object.function1.<locals>.inner_function → the fully qualified name of the function:function1 → the outer function where it was defined.<locals> → indicates this function was defined inside another function (not at the module/global level).inner_function → the actual name of the nested function.at 0x... → the memory address (hexadecimal) where the function object is stored. This is just an identifier for debugging, not something you usually use directly.Call inner_function(123, 456)
New scope is created for inner_function.
Parameters: varA = 123, varB = 456.
locals() inside inner_function shows:
inner_function local scope: {'varA': 123, 'varB': 456}Microsoft Copilotpoised: having a calm and confident manner and in control of your feelings and behavior
distinctly: in a way that is clearly noticeable or very definite
Currier House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses of Harvard College.
nerdy: boring, stupid and not fashionable
physicality: the quality of being full of energy and force
crimson: a dark red color
exuberance: the quality of being full of energy, excitement and happiness
archaic: old and no longer used
Kent Evans was Bill Gates’s close childhood best friend and bright computer peer at Lakeside School in Seattle. He likely would have been a co-founder of Microsoft alongside Gates and Paul Allen, but his life was tragically cut short at age 17 in a 1972 mountaineering accident.
hash out: to discuss something carefully and completely in order to reach an agreement or decide something
General Electric (GE) is a historic American multinational conglomerate that completed a multi-year split into three independent, publicly traded companies focused on aerospace, energy, and healthcare.
underbid: to offer to do work or provide a service for a lower price than someone else
pan out: (informal) (of events or a situation) to develop in a particular way
oversight: the fact of making a mistake because you forget to do something or you do not notice something
grouse: to complain about somebody/something in a way that other people find annoying
incessantly: without stopping
factor into: to include a particular fact or situation when you are thinking about or planning something
blowup: an occasion when somebody suddenly becomes angry
Fortran is a third-generation, compiled, imperative programming language designed for numeric computation and scientific computing.
nail someone down: to make someone give you exact details or a firm decision about something
trample: to step heavily on somebody/something so that you damage or harm them/it with your feet
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), trading as Digital, was a major American computer company founded in 1957 by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson. It pioneered the minicomputer industry with the PDP and VAX series before being acquired by Compaq in 1998.
prowess: great skill at doing something
Bill Gates "Source Code"
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weird: very strange or unusual and difficult to explain
keep your/an eye out for someone/something: to watch carefully for someone or something to appear
imminent: (especially of something unpleasant) likely to happen very soon
linger: to continue to exist for longer than expected
pervasive: present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place
apprehension: worry or fear that something unpleasant may happen
It is important to learn to identify stress and anxiety so that we can respond accordingly and support ourselves more effectively.
A blanket statement is a broad, sweeping claim that applies a single rule, idea, or observation to an entire group or situation without noting any exceptions, differences, or details.
sweeping: (disapproving) too general and failing to think about or understand particular examples
reprimand: to tell somebody officially that you do not approve of them or their actions
dread: a feeling of great fear about something that might or will happen in the future; a thing that causes this feeling
ingrained (in somebody/something) (of a habit, an attitude, etc.) that has existed for a long time and is therefore difficult to change
alleviate something: to make something less severe
mitigate something: to make something less harmful, serious, etc.
Anxiety often becomes ingrained in a habit loop, a neurological pattern involving cue, routine and reward.
Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a normal, involuntary reflex that allows your eyes to track a continuously moving visual scene and maintain stable vision without blurring. Unlike abnormal forms of nystagmus, OKN is a sign of a healthy, functioning neurological and visual system.
Imagine sitting on a train and looking out the window. As trees and poles pass by, your eyes smoothly follow one object, then quickly snap back to catch the next. That rhythmic "follow–reset–follow–reset" pattern is optokinetic nystagmus.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy is a structured psychotherapy approach originally developed to help people process traumatic memories. It’s widely used for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but has also been applied to anxiety, depression, and phobias.
A person with PTSD from a car accident might recall the event while following the therapist’s fingers moving side to side. Over repeated sets, the memory becomes less vivid and less distressing, and the person may shift from “I’m unsafe” to “I survived and I’m safe now.”
primal: connected with the earliest origins of life; very basic
Research shows that the amygdala is more active in people who live in cities compared to those who live in rural areas. When you are feeling stressed and anxious, one of the best tools is go outside for a walk so that you can process your thoughts and emotions without the fear processing. This is where the phrase "going for a walk to clear my head" comes from.
研究顯示，與鄉村居民相比，居住在城市的人杏仁核活動較高，杏仁核負責處理恐懼與壓力反應。當你感到緊張或焦慮時，外出散步能暫時遠離引發恐懼的刺激，讓大腦有空間整理想法與情緒，這就是「散步清理思緒」這句話的由來。
revert: to reply
研究與權威定義指出，自我催眠是個人主動進入一種放鬆且專注的心理狀態，在此狀態下可用意象、暗示或呼吸等方法改變感受、想法或行為。自我催眠通常包含三個步驟：放鬆（誘導進入平靜狀態）、聚焦與暗示（對自己說正向或具體的建議）、以及結束回復（溫和回到清醒狀態）。它常被用來減輕壓力、改善睡眠、控制疼痛或改變習慣，且在受過訓練的人士指導下較為安全有效。
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
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Google AI Overview
Explanation by Microsoft Copilot
overwhelming: IPA[ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ]
spark off: activate or initiate
cascade: a large number of things falling or coming quickly at the same time
millennial: connected with a period of a thousand years
sanity: the state of being sensible and reasonable
the cherry on top: something that makes something that is already good even better, or perfect
submission: the act of accepting that somebody has defeated you and that you must obey them
awe: feelings of respect and slight fear; feelings of being very impressed by something/somebody
remorse: the feeling of being extremely sorry for something wrong or bad that you have done
contempt: the feeling that somebody/something is without value and deserves no respect at all
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A tuple in Python is one of the basic data structures, similar to a list but with some important differences.
Defined with parentheses ( )
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
Ordered → elements keep their position.
Immutable → once created, you cannot change, add, or remove elements.
Can contain mixed data types (numbers, strings, even other tuples).
Supports indexing and slicing like lists.
# Creating a tuple t = ('apple', 'banana', 'cherry') # Accessing elements print(t[0]) # 'apple' print(t[-1]) # 'cherry' # Slicing print(t[0:2]) # ('apple', 'banana') # Nested tuple nested = (1, (2, 3), 4) print(nested[1][0]) # 2
Negative indexing
In Python, negative indices count from the end of the sequence.
-1 → last element
Slice notation [start:stop]
start = 0 → begin at index 0 ('apple').
stop = 2 → go up to index 2, but not including it.
* before args means: “pack all extra positional arguments into a tuple.”args is a tuple containing whatever values you passed in.args = (1, 2, 3)
kwargs = {'operation': 'sum'}
Output:(1, 2, 3)
{'operation': 'sum'}
operation='sum', Python treats operation as a keyword.**kwargs collects all keyword arguments into a dictionary.
import math
def performOperation(*args, operation='sum'):
if operation == 'sum':
return sum(args)
if operation == 'multiply':
return math.prod(args)
performOperation(1,2,3,6,7,8, operation='sum')
Function Definition
*args → packs all positional arguments into a tuple.
Here: args = (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8)
operation='sum' → keyword argument with default value 'sum'.
print(performOperation(1,2,3,6,7,8, operation='multiply'))
Uses math.prod(args) → multiplies all values.math.prod stands for “product” — it multiplies all the numbers in an iterable together.
Microsoft CopilotPlease comment on Canon EOS 1500D pairing with EF 35mm f/2 IS USM and EF-S 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS USM while I rarely take video and fast-moving objects.
For your Canon EOS 1500D, the EF 35mm f/2 IS USM is the stronger choice if you mostly shoot still photos and care about image quality, while the EF-S 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS USM is the more flexible all-in-one lens. Since you rarely shoot video or fast action, I’d lean toward the 35mm prime as the more satisfying “main lens,” with the 18-135mm only if you want convenience over optical depth.
How they fit your use
EF 35mm f/2 IS USM: On APS-C, it behaves like about a 56mm equivalent, which is great for everyday shots, portraits, food, indoor scenes, and general street photography. Its wider f/2 aperture gives you better low-light performance and blurrier backgrounds than the zoom.
EF-S 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS USM: This is the better travel/everything lens, because it covers wide to short telephoto and has fast, quiet autofocus plus stabilization. Reviews describe it as versatile and quick for stills, but image quality is more “good enough” than exceptional, especially wide open.
For your shooting style
Because you said you rarely take video and fast-moving objects, the 18-135mm’s main advantages matter less. The Nano USM and motorized-zoom compatibility are especially useful for smooth, quiet video operation. The lens is quick enough for action, but that advantage is mainly relevant when subjects are moving rapidly. If you mostly shoot static or slower subjects, you won’t exploit that speed much.
The 35mm prime will usually give you more pleasing images, better subject separation, and a more compact setup for everyday use.
Practical recommendation
Pick EF 35mm f/2 IS USM if you want one lens for daily still photography and are happy to “zoom with your feet.”
Pick EF-S 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS USM if you want one lens to cover many situations without changing lenses.
Best overall setup for your use: keep the 18-135mm for convenience, and add the 35mm f/2 for better-quality indoor/night portraits and general photography.
www.perplexity.ai
Focus: The subject itself is the emphasis.
Definition: The subject is positioned with a light source behind them, so the camera captures the subject against that light.
Effect: The subject may appear darker, with rim lighting around edges (hair, shoulders).
Usage: Portraits, fashion, or street photography where the subject’s outline and glow are important.
Challenge: Subject exposure can be tricky — often requires fill flash, reflectors, or exposure compensation.
Focus: The lighting technique.
Definition: Any photography that uses a light source behind the subject, regardless of whether the subject is the main focus.
Effect: Creates atmosphere, depth, and contrast. Can produce silhouettes (輪廓), glowing edges, or dramatic mood.
Usage: Landscape (sunset silhouettes), product photography (transparent objects), creative effects.
Challenge: Managing flare and overexposure of the background.
For portraits: Use partial metering on the face to keep the subject properly exposed.
For silhouettes: Use evaluative metering so the background is exposed correctly and the subject stays dark.
Extra help: Add fill flash or a reflector to brighten the subject, or use exposure compensation (+1 to +2 EV).
catch on: to become popular or fashionable
ballpoint pen: a pen with a very small metal ball at its point, that rolls ink (= colored liquid for writing, etc.) onto the paper
miniature: very small; much smaller than usual
garage: a building for keeping one or more cars or other vehicles in
distributor: a person or company that supplies goods to shops, etc.
To "gush over" someone or something means to express overwhelming or excessive emotion, praise, or enthusiasm.
fray: a fight, a competition or an argument, especially one that is exciting or seen as a test of your ability
swoop: to visit or attack somebody/something suddenly and without warning
hassle: a situation that is annoying because it involves doing something difficult or complicated that needs a lot of effort
a handful: (informal) a person or an animal that is difficult to control
harangue: to speak loudly and angrily in a way that criticizes somebody/something or tries to persuade people to do something
square with: to make two ideas, facts or situations agree or combine well with each other; to agree or be consistent with another idea, fact or situation
gruff: impatient and unfriendly
NCR: National Cash Register
JFK: John F. Kennedy International Airport
Hauppauge Computer Works is a US manufacturer and marketer of electronic video hardware for personal computers.
thwart: to prevent somebody from doing what they want to do
protracted: lasting longer than expected or longer than usual
back-and-forth: discussion
work out: to develop in a successful way
branch out: diversify
The Chevrolet Corvette is an iconic American high-performance sports car manufactured by General Motors since 1953.
opt out: to choose not to take part in something
parody: (disapproving) something that is such a bad or an unfair example of something that it seems silly
grandiose: seeming very impressive but too large, complicated, expensive, etc. to be practical or possible
veep: vice-president
meticulous: paying careful attention to every detail
artifact: an object that is made by a person, especially something of historical or cultural interest
MOS Technology, Inc. ("MOS" being short for Metal Oxide Semiconductor), later known as CSG (Commodore Semiconductor Group) and GMT Microelectronics, was a semiconductor design and fabrication company based in Audubon, Pennsylvania.
Off-putting is an adjective that means unpleasant, unappealing, or slightly worrying, making you want to stop liking or avoid a person or thing.
meanwhile (informal meantime): while something else is happening
envision: (formal) to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards
daunting: making somebody feel nervous and less confident about doing something; likely to make somebody feel this way
Bill Gates "Source Code"
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Second guessing means to doubt your own choice after you make it, to question someone else's past decision, or to try and guess what will happen next.
dictate: to control or influence how something happens
rampant: (of something bad) existing or spreading everywhere in a way that cannot be controlled
rage: a feeling of violent anger that is difficult to control
reinstate: to give back a job or position that had been taken away from somebody
panoramic: with a view of a wide area of land
By widening your field of vision, you can reduce the tunnel vision that is associated with roaring anger... It also affords you a few minutes to get distance from the scenario an your environment so that you can get clarity.
當你把注意力從狹窄的焦點擴展到周圍環境時，情緒的專注和衝動會減弱，較不容易被憤怒完全佔據。幾分鐘的緩衝時間讓你從當下情境和環境中拉開距離，冷靜下來以便看清狀況、做出更清晰理性的判斷。
tunnel vision: (disapproving) a lack of ability to see or understand all the aspects of a situation, an argument, etc. instead of just one part of it
mitigate: to make something less harmful, serious, etc.
spout: (informal, disapproving) to speak a lot about something; to repeat something in a boring or annoying way
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
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Explanation by Microsoft Copilot
建築上的「風鈴草」是指源自西方古典與傳統建築裝飾中的風鈴草紋飾（Bellflower Motif），常見於柱頭、角柱或外牆線條中。
風鈴草紋飾的建築特徵
• 外形設計：模仿桔梗科風鈴草屬植物的鐘形花朵或成串果莢，呈現風格化、垂直下垂的花彩狀造型。
• 應用部位：多見於新古典主義或戰前唐樓建築的騎樓角柱、柱頭飾線、露台支柱上方或牆面灰塑雕飾。
• 歷史實例：如香港深水埗醫局街170號（建於1913年）戰前騎樓的角柱上，便飾有極為迷你的風鈴草立體紋飾。
wait_until = datetime.now().second + 2
while datetime.now().second != wait_until:
print('Still waiting!')
print(f'We are at {wait_until} seconds!')
datetime.now().second gives you the current second (0–59) of the system clock.
You add 2 to it, so if the current second is 15, then wait_until becomes 17.
This means you want to wait until the clock reaches 17 seconds.
This is a loop that keeps checking the current second.
As long as the current second is not equal to wait_until, it prints "Still waiting!".
Example: If the current second is 15, and wait_until is 17, it will keep printing "Still waiting!" until the clock reaches 17 seconds.
Problem here: If wait_until goes beyond 59 (e.g., current second = 58 → wait_until = 60), the value 60 doesn’t exist in the clock (seconds only go 0–59). That means the loop will never end.
print(f'We are at {wait_until} seconds!')
Once the loop ends (meaning the current second equals wait_until), this line runs.
It prints a message like:
We are at 17 seconds!
Suppose the current second is 15:
wait_until = 15 + 2 = 17
While the clock is at 15 or 16, it prints "Still waiting!".
When the clock hits 17, the loop ends.
It prints "We are at 17 seconds!".
wait_until stays within 0–59. But if the current second is 59, then wait_until = 61, which will never happen. To fix this, you should use modulo (% 60) to wrap around:wait_until becomes 1 (the next minute’s first second), and the loop will still work.This is a list comprehension that loops n from 1 to 9 (range(1, 10)).
For each n, it checks conditions in order:
If divisible by 6 → 'Monty Python'
Else if divisible by 3 → 'Python'
Else if divisible by 2 → 'Monty'
Else → just the number n
The conditions are evaluated top to bottom:
% 6 == 0 has highest priority.
If that fails, % 3 == 0 is checked.
If that fails, % 2 == 0 is checked.
If all fail, return the number itself.
So the list becomes:
[1, 'Monty', 'Python', 'Monty', 5, 'Monty Python', 7, 'Monty', 'Python']
break is used inside loops to immediately exit the loop, no matter what the loop condition is. Let’s go step by step:break worksNormally, a while or for loop keeps running until its condition becomes false.
If you use break, the loop stops right away—even if the condition is still true.
After breaking, the program continues with the code that comes after the loop.
while
n = 1while n < 10: print(n) if n == 5: break # exit loop when n == 5 n += 1
print("Loop ended")
Output:
12345Loop ended
range(1, 9) in Python creates a sequence of integers starting at 1 and stopping before 9.
Microsoft Copilotamalgamation: the process of joining two or more organizations together to form one large organization; the large organization formed by this process
neocortex: a part of the cerebral cortex concerned with sight and hearing in mammals, regarded as the most recently evolved part of the cortex.
ponder: to think about something carefully for a period of time
Metacognition is an awareness of one's thought processes and an understanding of the patterns behind them. It is considered one of humans' most sophisticated cognitive capacities.
Autonoetic consciousness is the special human capacity for mental time travel, allowing people to consciously re-experience their past, project themselves into the future, and reflect on their own self-awareness.
自我時間意識（autonoetic consciousness）是能把自己在心理上置於過去或未來情境、並以第一人稱反思經驗的能力；它與情節記憶和「心理時間旅行」密切相關。
關鍵特徵
interplay: the way in which two or more things or people affect each other
exclusive: only to be used by one particular person or group; only given to one particular person or group
vicinity: the area around a particular place
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Explanation by Microsoft Copilot
On APS-C bodies, the field of view is roughly like a 56mm lens, so it behaves more like a normal prime.
搭配 Canon EOS 1500D，這是非常實用的日常街拍與低光人像鏡頭組合。
等效焦距 50mm 的特點可以說是攝影界的「萬用標準鏡」，它的視角接近人眼自然視角。
若要形容 50mm 鏡頭的魅力，那就是「接近眼睛所看到的遠近感」。由於被攝體與背景的距離不會被強調出來，因此很接近眼睛所看到的情形。若在1-3米的距離拍攝，畫面會很自然。此外，若在1米以內的距離拍攝的話，會拍出有如望遠鏡頭的效果；若遠離被攝體拍攝的話，會拍出有如廣角鏡頭般的效果，是一款魔法鏡頭。
上田晃司《全圖解 馬上提昇功力的57個攝影妙方：一目了然的專業級表現手法！》
Hyperfocal Distance Setup (Canon EOS 1500D, APS-C):
Manual focus + aperture selection → Align infinity mark with aperture mark on the depth-of-field scale.
Resulting zone → From the nearest marked distance to infinity remains acceptably sharp.
APS-C factor → Hyperfocal distance uses APS-C circle-of-confusion, not full-frame.
Canon guidance → Lens distance scale is the simplest way to set hyperfocal distance; manual focus ensures accuracy.
Accuracy check → The scale is approximate; confirm with test shots and magnified review.
Practical tip → For landscapes, f/8 or f/11 is easier to manage than wide apertures with shallow depth of field.
| Aperture | Hyperfocal distance | Approx. focus range |
|---|---|---|
| f/4 | 15 m | 7.5 m to infinity |
| f/5.6 | 11 m | 5.5 m to infinity |
| f/8 | 7.7 m | 3.9 m to infinity |
| f/11 | 5.6 m | 2.8 m to infinity |
Example:
f/11 setup
Why
two marks?
Because depth of field extends in
both directions from the focus point — closer and farther. The paired marks
let you read both boundaries at once.
Think of it like a ruler: the
aperture marks are the “edges” of the sharp zone, and the focus index is the
“center.”
attuned: familiar with somebody/something so that you can understand or recognize them or it and act in an appropriate way
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Google AI overview
Explanation by Microsoft Copilot
By engaging in hobbies, we immense ourselves in something else so that our mind doesn't think about these stresses and it has a chance to regulate in that time of distraction.
subside: to become calmer, quieter or less intense
pastime: something that you enjoy doing when you are not working
embark on: to start to do something new or difficult
profound: very great; felt or experienced very strongly
Hobbies make us feel good after we've engaged in them because they stimulate various regions of the brain that challenge us, and this causes a rise in BDNF. BDNF is released through activities like exercise, learning and creative pursuits associated with hobbies.
從事嗜好能把注意力投入其他事物，暫時不去想壓力來源，讓大腦有時間在這段分心期間調節。嗜好讓人感覺良好，因為它們刺激大腦不同區域並帶來挑戰，進而促使腦源性神經營養因子 BDNF 上升。像運動、學習和創作等活動都會促進 BDNF 釋放，對神經健康與學習能力有幫助。
Explained by Microsoft Copilot
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a vital neuropeptide that promotes the survival, growth, and maintenance of neurons. Acting primarily in the brain and spinal cord, it is essential for synaptic plasticity—the brain's ability to adapt, learn, and form long-term memories.
pursuit: the act of looking for or trying to get something
dampen: to make something such as a feeling or a reaction less strong
Allostatic load is the cumulative "wear and tear" on the body and brain caused by prolonged, chronic exposure to stress. Over time, this constant activation of stress hormones (like cortisol and adrenaline) alters the body's natural balance, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mood disorders.
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「除數」（divisor）是在除法算式中，用來「除」另一個數字（被除數）的數字。以 12 ÷ 4 = 3 為例，被除數是 12，除數是 4，商是 3。若指整數的整除關係，除數在中文也常被稱為「因數」（factor）。
def allPrimesUpTo(num):
primes = [2]
for number in range(3, num):
sqrtNum = number**0.5
for factor in primes:
if number % factor == 0:
break
if factor > sqrtNum:
primes.append(number)
break
return primes
print(allPrimesUpTo(20))
num.[2] because 2 is the first prime number.num - 1.number is divisible by any prime factor, it’s not prime.break exits the loop immediately.number must be prime.break stops checking further factors (no need).Start: primes = [2]
number = 3 → factors checked: 2 (not divisible, 2 > √3) → add 3 → [2, 3]
number = 4 → divisible by 2 → skip
number = 5 → factors: 2 (not divisible), 3 (3 > √5) → add 5 → [2, 3, 5]
number = 6 → divisible by 2 → skip
number = 7 → factors: 2 (not divisible), 3 (3 > √7) → add 7 → [2, 3, 5, 7]
number = 8 → divisible by 2 → skip
number = 9 → divisible by 3 → skip
number = 11 → factors: 2 (not divisible), 3 (not divisible), 5 (5 > √11) → add 11 → [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]
… continues until 19.
Currier House is one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses of Harvard College.
NCR: National Cash Register
staggering: so great, shocking or surprising that it is difficult to believe
exclusive: only to be used by one particular person or group; only given to one particular person or group
self-referential: referring to the fact of actually being a work of literature, or to the author, or to other works that the author has written
devote: to give all of something, especially your time, effort, or love, or yourself, to something you believe in or to a person
chastise: to criticize somebody for doing something wrong
pony up: to pay money for something
royalty: a sum of money that is paid to somebody who has written a book, piece of music, etc. each time that it is sold or performed
overhead: regular costs that you have when you are running a business or an organization, such as rent, electricity, wages, etc.
break-even: to complete a piece of business, etc. without either losing money or making a profit
please: to make somebody happy
deluge: to send or give somebody/something a large number of things at the same time
grist: grist (for somebody/something) useful ideas or material
hunk: a large piece of something, especially food, that has been cut or broken from a larger piece
slam: to criticize somebody/something very strongly
irate: very angry
outrage: to make somebody very shocked and angry
diplomatic: having or showing skill in dealing with people in difficult situations
Business stationery encompasses the customized printed materials a company uses for day-to-day communication and brand representation. It includes any document or branded piece sent to clients, vendors, or the public, such as business cards, letterheads, envelopes, and presentation folders.
screed: a long piece of writing, especially one that is not very interesting
onstage: on the stage in a theatre; in front of an audience
convention: the way in which something is done that most people in a society expect and consider to be polite or the right way to do it
confab: an informal private discussion or conversation
stunned: very surprised or shocked; showing this
envision something (formal) to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards
A "scrum of people" refers to a dense, chaotic crowd where individuals push and jostle against each other to get somewhere or grab something.
A mental metronome can refer to an internal cognitive skill or a specialized therapeutic tool.
hinge on: (of an action, a result, etc.) to depend on something completely
enigma: a person, thing or situation that is mysterious and difficult to understand
couch: a long comfortable seat for two or more people to sit on
PO box: a box with a number in a post office to which your letters and parcels can be sent and from which you can collect them
scribble: to write something quickly and carelessly, especially because you do not have much time
concerted: done together by more than one person, government, country, etc.
Bill Gates "Source Code"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
dictionary.cambridge.org
Google AI overview
把 AI 功能放在手機「先用本機算力」通常既有技術理由也有商業策略成分；廠商會根據產品定位、成本、隱私法規與使用者體驗來決定本地運算與雲端運算的比例。
延遲與即時性：本地推理延遲低，適合即時互動（語音助理、相機即時增強）。
隱私與合規：敏感資料可留在裝置上，降低跨境或雲端傳輸的合規風險。
成本控制：長期看可減少雲端推理費用與頻寬成本。
離線可用性：無網路時仍能提供基本功能。
差異化賣點：以「更快、更私密、低流量」作為市場訴求。
漢字結構包括象形、指事、會意、形聲，以漢語訓練出來的人工智能與西方國家創造出來的有明顯的分別嗎？
用漢語語料訓練的模型在語言表徵、文化偏向與本地化表現上通常有明顯優勢，但在核心架構與基礎能力（如推理、算力需求）上與西方模型並非本質不同，更多是「優化方向與應用生態」的差異。
語言結構影響 token 與效率：漢字每字語義密度高，對 tokenizer 與上下文窗口利用率有不同影響，可能降低推理成本或改變訓練策略。
文化與價值觀嵌入：模型會反映訓練語料的文化傾向；中文原生模型在本地文化、語域與禮貌用語上更貼近華語使用者。
技術相似但生態不同：基礎架構（Transformer、訓練技巧）全球通用，但資料來源、監管、部署速度與商業模式在中西有顯著差別。
Token 是自然語言處理中把文字切分成的最小單位，模型以 token 為基本運算單位來學習與生成語言。token 可以是字元、子詞、整詞或字節序列，取決於所用的 tokenizer。
常見 tokenizer 類型
字元型：每個字或字母為一個 token。
子詞型（例如 BPE、WordPiece）：把常見字串當作 token，能平衡詞彙覆蓋與詞表大小。
字節級（Byte-level）：對任意語言都穩定，處理未知字詞更健壯。
Modified from Microsoft Copilot
limbic system: a system of nerves in the brain involving several different areas, connected with basic emotions such as fear and anger and basic needs such as the need to eat and to have sex
swiftly: quickly; after a very short time
pivotal: of great importance because other things depend on it
uncouple: to remove the connection between two vehicles, two parts of a train, etc.
loom: (of something bad) to appear serious and likely to happen soon
linger: to continue to exist for longer than expected
mundane: not interesting or exciting
household: all the people living together in a house or flat
"Laugh his socks off" is an informal English idiom meaning to laugh uncontrollably or heartily.
Ts&Cs: abbreviation for terms and conditions
testament: a thing that shows that something else exists or is true
bewilderment: a feeling of being completely confused
over-the-top: done with too much acting, emotion or effort
primitive: belonging to an early stage in the development of humans or animals
huff and puff: to breathe loudly, usually after physical exercise
Border collie: a medium-sized black and white dog, often used as a sheepdog
connotation: an idea suggested by a word in addition to its main meaning
hardwired: (of a skill, quality or type of behavior) present as part of who you are and the way your brain is made, not learned from experience
fast-track: to make somebody’s progress in achieving something, for example a high position in a job, quicker than usual
deliberately: done in a way that was planned, not by chance
When we're stressed, our breathing becomes shallow and some of the alveoli in our lungs can collapse, which increases the carbon dioxide levels in our blood. The abundance of carbon dioxide causes us to feel stressed and agitated, which is why taking deep breaths can feel calming.
The physiological sigh is a rapid breathing technique proven to reduce acute stress and anxiety. It involves a double inhale (a deep breath followed by a short top-up breath) through the nose, followed by a slow, extended exhale through the mouth.
This intentional breathwork triggers the parasympathetic nervous system to immediately lower your heart rate and calm your nervous system.
Neuroscientist Dr. Andrew Huberman stated that the physiological sigh could serve as an anxiety-reducing tool by giving the individual autonomy and control.
壓力時呼吸變淺，部分肺泡可能萎陷，血液中二氧化碳濃度上升。二氧化碳過多會讓人感到緊張與躁動，因此深呼吸會有鎮定效果。生理嘆息是一種經證實能減輕急性壓力與焦慮的快速呼吸法：先用鼻子做一次深吸，再補一次短吸，然後用口慢慢長呼氣。這種刻意的呼吸會啟動副交感神經，立即降低心率、平復神經系統。神經科學家 Dr. Andrew Huberman 指出，生理嘆息還能讓人恢復自主感與控制感，從而減少焦慮。
Modified from Microsoft Copilot
hallmark: a feature or quality that is typical of somebody/something
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
dictionary.cambridge.org
Google AI overview
animalLookup = {
'a': ['aardvark', 'antelope'],
'b': ['bear'],
'c': ['cat'],
'd': ['dog'],
}
for letter, animals in animalLookup.items():
if len(animals) > 1:
continue
print(f'Only one animal! {animals[0]}')
for letter, animals in animalLookup.items():
.items() gives you key-value pairs from the dictionary.
letter will be the key ('a', 'b', etc.).
animals will be the list of animals associated with that key.
Example iteration:
First loop: letter = 'a', animals = ['aardvark', 'antelope']
Second loop: letter = 'b', animals = ['bear']
…and so on.
len(animals) counts how many animals are in the list.continue means “go to the next loop cycle”).'a' (two animals) will be skipped.animals[0] gets the first (and only) item in the list.f before the string tells Python: evaluate expressions inside {}.{animals[0]} is replaced with the first element of the list.'b', animals[0] = 'bear'.{} in are part of the f‑string syntax. They tell Python: “evaluate whatever is inside these brackets and insert the result into the string.”A prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that has no divisors other than 1 and itself.
Example:
Non‑prime (composite) numbers can be divided evenly by other numbers (e.g. ).
** is the exponentiation operator. It raises a number to the power of another number.number by all integers from 2 up to the square root of number.% is the modulus operator (remainder).number is divisible by factor → not prime.break exits the inner loop immediately.else belongs to the for loop, not the if.number = 7
Factors checked: 2 → not divisible, 3 → not divisible.
Loop ends without break.
else runs → prints "7 is prime!".
number = 9
Factors checked: 2 → not divisible, 3 → divisible.
break triggers.
else skipped → nothing printed.
int() function truncates (drops the decimal part), not rounds.culprit: a person or thing responsible for causing a problem
connotation: an idea suggested by a word in addition to its main meaning
detrimental: harmful
perpetuate: to make something such as a bad situation, a belief, etc. continue for a long time
chore: a task that you do regularly
cortisol: a glucocorticoid C21H30O5 produced by the adrenal cortex upon stimulation by ACTH that mediates various metabolic processes (such as gluconeogenesis), has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, and whose levels in the blood may become elevated in response to physical or psychological stress
head-on: direct or directly
distinction (between A and B) a clear difference or contrast especially between people or things that are similar or related
hand in: to give something to a person in authority, especially a piece of work or something that is lost
impending: (usually of an unpleasant event) that is going to happen very soon
doom: death or destruction; any terrible event that you cannot avoid
Stress plays an adaptive and positive role in facilitating personal growth and success in challenging situations. When managed appropriately, acute stress contributes to heightened productivity and effective decision-making. Adaptive stress encourages individuals to develop coping mechanisms, problem-solving skills and a greater capacity to navigate future difficulties.
面對挑戰時，壓力並非全然有害。適度且可控的壓力能喚起警覺與動機，促使人採取行動、學習新技能，從而提升能力與自信。在短期內，壓力還能激發注意力與能量，使人在限時或高要求的情境下更專注，進一步提升學習效果與決策能力。關鍵在於妥善管理，例如設定明確目標與安排適當休息，以避免壓力演變為慢性負擔。當人經歷並成功應對壓力情境後，會逐步累積經驗，學會解決問題、尋求資源及調整心態，長遠而言有助提升整體抗壓能力。
Explained by Microsoft Copilot and organized by Perplexity.ai
Minor self-amendments
hypervigilant: extremely alert, careful, or cautious; overly aware of one's environment and the potential dangers it presents
exaggerated: made to seem larger, better, worse or more important than it really is or needs to be
lethargic: without any energy or enthusiasm for doing things
berate: to criticize or speak angrily to somebody because you do not approve of something they have done
rut: a boring way of life that does not change
apathetic: showing no interest or enthusiasm
deplete: to reduce something by a large amount so that there is not enough left; to be reduced by a large amount
bout: a short period of great activity; a short period during which there is a lot of a particular thing, usually something unpleasant
whammy: an unpleasant situation or event that causes problems for somebody/something
innocuous: not harmful or dangerous
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
merriam-webster.com/medical
dictionary.cambridge.org
confide: to tell somebody secrets and personal information that you do not want other people to know
prestigious: respected and admired as very important or of very high quality
thriving: continuing to be successful, strong, healthy, etc.
Disk BASIC usually refers to early versions of the BASIC programming language modified to support floppy disk drives and disk file management (like loading and saving code files), rather than relying on cassette tapes or ROM chips.
down to the wire: until the last moment that it is possible to do something
live off: to use someone or something to provide the money or food that you need to live
takeout: a restaurant that cooks and sells food that you take away and eat somewhere else
back then: at a particular time in the past that you are talking about
convey: to express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people
in lieu of (something): instead of
nuance: a very slight difference in meaning, sound, color or somebody’s feelings that is not usually very obvious
hole up: to hide in a place
Bill Gates "Source Code"
Online Dictionaries Used:
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
dictionary.cambridge.org
Google AI overview