The frontal lobes are located directly behind the forehead. The frontal lobes are the largest lobes in the human brain...The frontal lobes are important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions. Executive functions refer to a collection of cognitive skills including the capacity to plan, organize, initiate, self-monitor and control one’s responses in order to achieve a goal. The frontal lobes are considered our behavior and emotional control center and home to our personality. There is no other part of the brain where lesions can cause such a wide variety of symptoms.
Queensland Government. (2020).Brain Map Frontal Lobes. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/abios/asp/bfrontal
The parietal lobes are located near the back and top of the head. They are important for processing and interpreting somatosensory (somatic: 軀體的) input. For example, they inform us about objects in our external environment through touch (i.e., physical contact with skin) and about the position and movement of our body parts (proprioception: 本體感覺). The parietal lobes are also responsible for integrating sensory input, and construction of a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us.
Queensland Government. (2020). Brain Map: Parietal Lobes. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/abios/asp/bparietal
The primary functions of the temporal lobe are to process sensory information and derive it into meaningful memories, language, and emotions. The temporal lobe is responsible primarily for declarative memory (陳述性記憶), which is memory that can be said out loud, and is subdivided into episodic (life events) and semantic (fact-like) memory. Located within the middle temporal lobe are the hippocampus (海馬迴) and the amygdala (杏仁體︰負責情緒反應). The hippocampus manages the formation of new memories and the conversion of short-term memories into long-term ones...The temporal lobe also plays an essential role in processing sounds. It houses the primary auditory cortex and the superior temporal gyrus (a ridge on the cerebral cortex). The primary auditory cortex can process input from the ears into meaningful units like words and sentences. The sounds we hear first enter the brain in an area within the superior temporal gyrus traveling from the cochlea (耳蝸)...Parts of the temporal lobe aid in processing visual stimuli, primarily to allow us to recognize objects...A specialized area of the temporal lobe, known as the Wernicke area, is found on the dominant hemisphere. It is responsible for processing written and spoken language.
Patel, A.(2020, April 3).Neuroanatomy, Temporal Lobe. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519512/
The cerebral surface of the occipital lobe irregularly molds into eminences called gyri and separated by depressions called sulci (溝)...The occipital lobe is the visual processing area of the brain. It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation.
Rehman, A. (2019, July 6). Neuroanatomy, Occipital Lobe. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544320/
The cerebellum integrates nerve impulses from the labyrinths (內耳迷路) of the ear and from positional sensors in the muscles; cerebellar signals then determine the extent and timing of contraction of individual muscle fibers to make fine adjustments in maintaining balance and posture and to produce smooth, coordinated movements of large muscle masses in voluntary motions.
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020). Cerebellum. https://www.britannica.com/science/nervous-system/The-nerve-cell
Brainstem, area at the base of the brain that lies between the deep structures of the cerebral hemispheres and the cervical spinal cord and that serves a critical role in regulating certain involuntary actions of the body, including heartbeat and breathing.
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020). Brainstem. https://www.britannica.com/science/brainstem
Image: Widmaier, E.P., & Raff, H. (2008). Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
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