- 將泳鏡放在眼睛位置。
- 輕輕按壓鏡框，使矽膠墊圈貼合眼眶。
- 將頭帶拉過頭頂至後腦。
Microsoft Copilot
2026年10月27日星期二
Quiz
In Python, an instance is an object created from a class.
class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def bark(self):
print(f"{self.name} says woof!")
# Create instances
dog1 = Dog("Buddy")
dog2 = Dog("Max")
print(dog1.name) # Buddy
print(dog2.name) # Max
dog1.bark() # Buddy says woof!
In Python, there is no static keyword like in Java or C#, but the equivalent concept is a class variable (sometimes called a static property).
class Student:
school = "ABC School" # class variable
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name # instance variable
s1 = Student("Alice")
s2 = Student("Bob")
print(s1.school) # ABC School
print(s2.school) # ABC School
A class variable belongs to the class itself. There is only one copy shared by all instances.
An instance variable belongs to a particular object (instance). Each instance has its own copy.
"self" is the conventional variable name to refer to the class instance.
super() is used in inheritance to access methods or attributes from a parent class (superclass).
attribute: a quality or feature of somebody/something
Without super()
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self, name, breed):
self.name = name
self.breed = breed
You have to duplicate the initialization logic.
With super()
class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self, name, breed):
super().__init__(name)
self.breed = breed
The parent class handles name, and the child class handles breed.
Assuming rover is an instance of a class Dog and speak() is an instance method, this line:
rover.speak()
is equivalent to calling the method through the class and explicitly (明確地) passing the instance as the first argument:
Dog.speak(rover)
In Python, instance methods automatically receive the object (self) as their first parameter. So:
class Dog:
def speak(self):
print("Woof!")
rover = Dog()
rover.speak() # equivalent to:
Dog.speak(rover)
Microsoft Copilot
又發夢
現在我是處於學習拍攝階段，手上有Canon EOS 1500D + EF-S 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS USM + 二手 EF 35mm f/2 IS USM。這個定焦鏡的表現讓我感到滿意。為了提升畫質，我下一部相機的 dream combination 是 Nikon ZF + z50mm f/1.8s. 有人建議我選購 Sony a6700 + sigma 17-40mm f/1.8，的確 zoom lens 有這樣的恆定光圈非常吸引。另外一部 Nikon Z5II + 24-120mm f/4 似乎更實用。我右手手腕有舊患，但雙手手持一部1kg的相機沒有太大問題。現金流沒有太大問題，但家人不想我亂花錢，我只是想找到一部最適合自己的機種。目前科技日新月異，差不多每個月都會出新相機，ZF 與 A6700已經是三年前的產物。我計劃在未來三年內，當自己技術有所進步，再考慮買一些更新的機種，最好是畫質與重量取得平衡。您是否同意我的想法？
Z5II 機身官方標示約 620 g，但連電池的實際攜帶重量通常以約 675–700 g 計；Z 24-120mm f/4 S 另約 630 g，所以整組會明顯超過 1.2 kg，並不是「輕便全幅」方案。
我大致同意你的想法：不必因為「每個月有新機」而急於升級；但我不會把「等三年再買新機」當成固定計劃。更合理的做法是：現在先不買，或只買一套最符合你手腕、拍攝習慣與未來三年用途的系統；等技術和題材明確後，再按需要補鏡頭，而不是頻繁換機身。
三個組合的定位
Z5II 機身官方標示約 620 g，但連電池的實際攜帶重量通常以約 675–700 g 計；Z 24-120mm f/4 S 另約 630 g，所以整組會明顯超過 1.2 kg，並不是「輕便全幅」方案。
我會怎樣選
以你的情況——正在學習、重視畫質與重量平衡、右手腕有舊患、想未來三年持續進步——我會把優先次序排成：
1) Sony a6700 + Sigma 17-40mm f/1.8：最符合「畫質、重量、實用性」的平衡。它整組約 1.02 kg，比 Zf + 50mm 輕約 107 g，而且 17-40mm 的等效約 25.5-60mm 焦段，能同時處理風景、街拍、室內、人像和影片；f/1.8 恆定光圈也解決了你現有 18-135mm 在弱光下光圈太細的問題。
2) Nikon Z5II + 24-120mm f/4：最「實用」，但不是最適合你的手腕。它的優勢是全片幅、24.5MP、焦段覆蓋廣，適合旅行和日常紀錄；不過整組較重，而且 f/4 不能提供你喜歡的 35mm f/2 那種明顯淺景深與夜間優勢。
3) Nikon Zf + Z 50mm f/1.8 S：最像「dream combination」，但我不建議它作為你唯一或第一部無反主力。它確實有全幅畫質、優秀的 50mm 定焦和很有性格的操控；但 50mm 只有一個視角，Zf 機身也較重，若加上手柄會更接近 1.25 kg，長期使用對手腕舊患較不理想。
對「等三年」的看法
你的核心判斷是對的：相機不是手機，機身技術的邊際提升沒有那麼快。Zf 和 a6700 雖然是較早推出的產品，但它們的感光元件、對焦、防震、操作和鏡頭生態，在未來三五年仍足夠支撐學習與大部分創作；真正會明顯改變拍攝體驗的，往往是你是否願意常常帶相機出門、是否懂得控制光線與構圖。
但我不建議把「三年後買新機」寫死。更好的規則是：
現在若沒有迫切痛點，先不買：繼續用 1500D + 18-135mm + 35mm f/2 練曝光、構圖、對焦和後製。
若要買，買「系統」而不是「最新機身」：優先考慮鏡頭群、二手價值、重量、握感、防震與你常拍題材。
三年後再升級時，優先升鏡頭而非機身：例如從 a6700 + 17-40mm 開始，日後補一支輕量 50mm 或 85mm 定焦，通常比換機身更能提升照片。
設一個「手腕測試」：到門市實際連續手持 15-20 分鐘；若右手腕開始不適，無論規格多吸引都不應該買。
我的直接建議
如果你現在真的想升級，我會選 Sony a6700 + Sigma 17-40mm f/1.8，而不是 Zf 或 Z5II。它最能同時滿足你「提升畫質、保留機動性、保護手腕、一鏡應付多數場景」的要求；日後再按需要加入定焦鏡，會比一開始鎖定 Zf + 50mm 更有彈性。
如果你並不急，我會建議先不買，把錢和注意力放在用現有器材完成有系統的拍攝練習。等你明確知道自己最常拍人像、街頭、風景還是影片，再下決定；那時你買到的不會是「別人說最好的相機」，而是真正適合你的相機。
perplexity.ai
初出茅廬
nibble: a small bite of something, especially food
Bill Gates has an older sister, Kristi (Kristianne), and a younger sister, Libby.
gruff: (of a person’s behavior) impatient and unfriendly
A toggle switch is a manually operated electrical or mechanical switch that uses a physical lever, handle, or toggle to open or close a circuit.
RadioShack is an American electronics retailer that was established in 1921 as a mail-order business focused on amateur radio.
amateur: doing something for pleasure or interest, not as a job
RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was a major American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1987.
stack up against: to rank in quality compared to some other person or thing
prime: to prepare somebody for a situation so that they know what to do, especially by giving them special information
cut-rate: charged at a lower rate than usual
contain: to keep your feelings under control
implore: to ask somebody to do something in an anxious way because you want or need it very much
bluster: talk that is aggressive and threatening, but has little effect
horseshit: a rude word for nonsense
growl: to make a low sound in the throat, usually as a sign of anger
Bill Gates "Source Code"
Online Dictionaries Used:
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
Serotonin
modulation: the act of influencing something by changing or controlling it
obsessive: thinking too much about one particular person or thing, in a way that is not reasonable or normal
agitation: worry that you show by behaving in a nervous way
stay up: to go to bed later than usual
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which means your body cannot make it on its own and you must obtain it from food.
Your body converts tryptophan into serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate:
- Mood
- Appetite
- Memory
- Sleep
Foods rich in tryptophan include:
- Poultry (chicken, turkey)
- Fish
- Eggs
- Milk and cheese
- Soybeans and tofu
- Nuts and seeds (especially pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, and peanuts)
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
Microsoft Copilot
2026年10月26日星期一
2026年10月24日星期六
Coping Strategy
misery: great physical or mental pain
anhedonia: inability to feel pleasure in activities that are usually considered to be pleasurable
stalk: to illegally follow and watch somebody over a long period of time, in a way that is annoying or frightening
anguish: severe physical or mental pain, difficulty or unhappiness
sober up: to become or to make somebody no longer drunk
vicious: violent and cruel
Exercise helps release dopamine and can serve as an adaptive coping mechanism during grieving. It can help improve your mood and alleviate stress.
運動有助促使大腦釋放多巴胺，在面對喪親或失去重要事物的悲傷期間，可以成為一種較健康、較適應性的應對方法。運動能改善心情，並減輕壓力。
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
Explained by Microsoft Copilot
2026年10月21日星期三
2026年10月20日星期二
Dispute
stipulate: to state clearly and definitely that something must be done, or how it must be done
arbitration: the hearing and determination of a disputed case by an arbiter
arbiter: judge
demeanor: the way that somebody looks or behaves
bolster: to improve something or make it stronger
misplaced: not appropriate or correct in the situation
smug: looking or feeling too pleased about something you have done or achieved
thorough: (of a person) doing things very carefully and with great attention to detail
testimony: a formal written or spoken statement saying what you know to be true, usually in court
depose: to testify or affirm under oath, especially in a written statement
oath: a formal promise to do something or a formal statement that something is true
proceedings: the process of using a court to settle an argument or to deal with a complaint
monstrosity: something that is very large and very ugly, especially a building
rustle around: move things or search through something in a hurried, casual, or haphazard way, often making soft, dry, or scraping sounds
yank out: to pull on something with a quick vigorous movement
speculate: to form an opinion about something without knowing all the details or facts
tidbit: a small piece of interesting information
A Roman legion was the largest basic military unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of heavy infantry recruited from Roman citizens.
obligated: having a moral or legal duty to do something
broach: to begin talking about a subject that is difficult to discuss, especially because it is embarrassing or because people disagree about it
transpire: happen
chastise: to criticize somebody for doing something wrong
drum up: to try hard to get support or business
in-house: within a company or an organization
Bill Gates "Source Code"
Online Dictionaries Used:
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
2026年10月16日星期五
Strong Reduction Firing
「強還原氣氛燒成」是陶器燒製中的一種窯燒氣氛控制方式。
還原燒成︰特徵是氧氣不足
在窯爐內故意減少氧氣供應，使燃料（煤、木柴、瓦斯）燃燒不完全。
由於氧氣不足，火焰會從陶土和釉藥中的金屬氧化物「搶奪氧」。
這種化學變化會改變陶器的顏色和質感。
Microsoft Copilot
從「損失」中學習
modulation: the act of influencing something by changing or controlling it
The periaqueductal gray is a key structure in the propagation and modulation of pain, sympathetic responses as well as the learning and action of defensive and aversive behaviors.
The posterior cingulate cortex is a key node in the default mode network that is typically active at rest and during episodic and prospective memory tasks.
autobiographical: being or relating to the story of a person's life
going-over: a complete examination or cleaning of somebody/something
cathartic: involving the release of strong feelings as a way of providing relief from anger, mental pain, etc.
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is part of the limbic system and is involved in the regulation of attention and emotion, inhibitory control, error monitoring, and motivation (Bush, Luu, & Posner, 2000).
When your brain uses previous experiences to shape the world, we call this experience-dependent plasticity. Having experienced a loss means we can be better prepared next time.
大腦會根據你過去學到和經歷過的事情，改變神經連結，從而影響你如何理解和回應周圍的世界。曾經遭受失敗或損失的人，能從經驗中學習，未來遇到類似情況時，較能預防問題或作出更好的決定。
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a group of neurons located near the floor of the midbrain, adjacent to the substantia nigra. It serves as a core part of the brain's reward and motivation circuitry.
The nucleus accumbens is a subcortical brain structure in the basal forebrain that acts as the primary interface between motivation, emotion, and motor action, famously recognized as a core part of the brain's reward system.
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
en.wikipedia.orgy
Google AI Overview
Explained by Microsoft Copilot
2026年10月13日星期二
Drawing shapes in Python
A static attribute in Python is a variable that belongs to the class itself, not to individual objects created from that class. It’s sometimes called a class attribute.
Defined inside the class, but outside any methods.
Shared by all instances of the class.
Accessed using either ClassName.attribute or object.attribute.
class Dog: # static/class attribute species = "Canis familiaris" def __init__(self, name): self.name = name # instance attribute dog1 = Dog("Rover") dog2 = Dog("Buddy") print(dog1.species) # Canis familiaris print(dog2.species) # Canis familiaris print(Dog.species) # Canis familiaris
class Shape:
width = 5
height = 5
printChar = '#'
def printRow(self, i):
raise NotImplementedError("Will be implemented
by children extending this class")
def print(self):
for i in range(self.height):
self.printRow(i)
Shape class
Has static attributes: width, height, printChar.
Defines printRow() as an abstract method (raises NotImplementedError).
In Python, raise is used to trigger an exception. It tells the program: “Stop normal execution here and signal that something went wrong.”
Defines print() which loops through rows and calls printRow(i).
In your code, self.height
refers to the class attribute height (which is set to 5 in Shape) but accessed through
the object (self).
When you
call self.height, Python first looks for an instance
attribute named height.
If it doesn’t find one, it uses the class
attribute height.
In your example, since you didn’t
set height inside __init__, every object uses the class’s height
= 5.
class Square(Shape):
def printRow(self, i):
print(self.printChar * self.width)
Square class
Implements printRow(i) by printing a full row of printChar repeated width times.
So Square().print() will print a solid square.
class Triangle(Shape):
def printRow(self, i):
# Row i has (i+1) characters
print(self.printChar * (i + 1))
class EqilateralTriangle(Shape):
def printRow(self, i):
spaces = self.width - i - 1
chars = 2 * i + 1
print(" " * spaces + self.printChar * chars)
#
###
#####
#######
#########
Is it a matter if i don't put "self" before "printChar"?
Yes, it does matter whether you put self. before printChar.
With
self.printChar- Python looks for the attribute on the object (
self). - If the object doesn’t have its own, it falls back to the class attribute (
Shape.printChar). - This makes the code flexible: each instance can override
printCharif needed.
With just
printChar- Python will look for a local variable named
printCharinside the method. - Since none exists, it will raise a
NameError. - It won’t automatically use the class attribute unless you explicitly write
Shape.printChar.
>>> padding = int((10 - 1)/2)
>>> print (padding)
4
Microsoft Copilot
2026年10月12日星期一
烙印
From a neuroplastic perspective, when you lose someone your brain is having to readjust to a completely new way of living. Over time the person you love has been ingrained into the network of neurons in your brain.
從神經可塑性的角度來看，當你失去某個人時，大腦需要重新適應一種全新的生活方式。因為隨著時間的累積，你所愛的人已經深深嵌入到大腦的神經網絡之中。
當那個人離開或過世時，原本被強化的迴路仍會被觸發，例如習慣性想起、看到熟悉物品時的情緒反應。但外在環境與互動模式已經改變，於是大腦需要重新調整，減弱某些舊有連結，建立新的連結來適應沒有對方的生活。這個過程需要時間，並伴隨悲傷、思念與行為上的改變。
agony: extreme physical or mental pain
subside: to become calmer, quieter or less intense
dump: to get rid of something you do not want, especially in a place that is not suitable
anguish: severe physical or mental pain, difficulty or unhappiness
inkling: a slight knowledge of something that is happening or about to happen
incomprehensible: impossible to understand
nonetheless: despite this fact
falling-out: a situation where people are no longer friends, because they disagree or have had an argument
taxing: needing a great amount of physical or mental effort
marine: a soldier who is trained to serve on land or at sea, especially one in the US Marine Corps or the British Royal Marines
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
Explained by Microsoft Copilot
2026年10月9日星期五
幸福有時
求學時間，我是一個 SEN 學生。當年根本沒有 Special Education Needs 這個 Term，那時我只是靠醫生、家人和社工渡過難關。至於是哪方面的問題，我從前很公開，但現在通常不會跟同事說。現時，我仍然要依靠藥物穩定病情。
今年，父親七十歲，母親六十六歲。每天吃的是母親煮的菜飯，住的是父親的房子。父親說過，父母緣太重，未必是一件好事。幸福的日子還能維持到何年何月，天曉得知！
自知自己的疾病有機會會遺傳到下一代，遇上心儀的異性也不會主動結交。就算對方不打算生小朋友，我也不願意拖累到別人。始終，我的病何時會復發，誰也不知道。
我今年四十歲，工作將會有轉變。雖然不是轉往另一間公司工作，但仍有很大的變數。我只可以說，今天日見夜見的同事，頗有城府，如果離開這間分店也許是一件好事。
2026年10月8日星期四
When Bill met Steve
On the first day I was talking to a crowd of people about our Extended BASIC when out of the corner of my eye I noticed a handsome guy around my age with long black hair, a tightly cropped beard, and a three-piece suit. He was a few booths away, holding court with his own gaggle of people. Even from a distance I could tell he had a certain aura about him. I said to myself, "Who is that guy?" That was the day I met Steve Jobs.
Pertec Computer Corporation (PCC), was a computer company based in Chatsworth, California which originally designed and manufactured peripherals such as floppy drives, tape drives, instrumentation control and other hardware for computers.
nuisance: a thing, person or situation that is annoying or causes trouble or problems
acquisition: the act of getting something, especially knowledge, a skill, etc.
subsidiary: a company wholly controlled by another
obligate: to bind legally or morally
sublicense: a subordinate license granted to another by one already having a license
stipulate: to state clearly and definitely that something must be done, or how it must be done
lodge: to make a formal statement about something to a public organization or authority
An exclusive license gives one single licensee the sole right to use intellectual property, which blocks all other parties from using it.
aforesaid: mentioned before, in an earlier sentence
strident: aggressive and determined
even-keeled: characterized by stability or consistency
intimidated: feeling frightened and not confident in a particular situation
hash out: to discuss something carefully and completely in order to reach an agreement or decide something
suitor: a company that wants to buy another company
devolve into: describe a situation, discussion, or process that deteriorates over time
standstill: a situation in which all activity or movement has stopped
simmer: to be filled with a strong feeling, especially anger, that you have difficulty controlling
yank: to pull something/somebody hard, quickly and suddenly
stark: harsh
ambush: to make a surprise attack on somebody/something from a hidden position
appalled: feeling or showing horror at something unpleasant or wrong
standoff: a situation in which no agreement can be reached
astounded: very surprised or shocked by something, because it seems very unlikely
gaggle: a group of noisy people
sleek: smooth and shiny
beige: light yellow-brown in color
signage: signs, especially ones that give instructions or directions to the public
rivalry: a state in which two people, companies, etc. are competing for the same thing
chicken out: to decide not to do something because you are afraid
pony up: to pay money for something
breach: to not keep to an agreement or not keep a promise
swift: happening or done quickly and immediately; doing something quickly
Bill Gates "Source Code"
Online Dictionaries Used:
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
www.merriam-webster.com
Exposure Value
問題︰如果用緊 A-mode 影室內照片，f/2.5，ISO 200，快門太慢，-0.3 EV 以加快快門，做法正確嗎？
你設定 f/2.5，ISO 200。
相機會自動算出快門速度以達到「正常曝光」。
如果室內光線不足，快門就會變慢。
曝光補償 –0.3 EV → 相機會刻意壓低曝光。
為了讓畫面更暗，相機會縮短快門時間，所以快門確實會稍微加快。
但幅度很小（大約 1/3 級快門），差距不大。
正確：快門會加快一點，能稍微減少手震模糊。
不足：亮度會偏暗，改善有限。
更有效的方法：
- 提高 ISO：例如 ISO 200 → ISO 400。
- 開大光圈：改為 f/2
- 用三腳架：根本解決快門過慢問題。
Microsoft Copilot
2026年10月7日星期三
相信，變成所見
The Reticular Activating System (RAS) is a diffuse network of neurons in the brainstem that acts as the brain’s “gatekeeper,” regulating wakefulness, attention, and consciousness by filtering sensory input and prioritizing what reaches the cortex. It is central to the sleep–wake cycle, arousal, and focus, and dysfunction can lead to disorders of awareness such as coma, ADHD, or sleep disturbances.
shuffle: to move about, back and forth, or from one place to another
Hackney, London: It’s a borough in East London, known for its vibrant arts scene, diverse communities, and trendy areas like Shoreditch and Dalston. Historically, Hackney was working-class, but in recent decades it’s become a hub for creatives, with lots of independent shops, street art, and nightlife.
quirk: an aspect of somebody’s personality or behavior that is a little strange
fart: to let air from the bowels come out through the anus, especially when it happens loudly
unfaithful: having sex with somebody who is not your husband, wife or usual partner
A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction or expectation that comes true simply because you believe it will and act in ways to make it happen.
sketchy: that people consider to be dishonest or bad
Confirmation bias is the psychological tendency to favor, interpret, and recall information that supports one’s existing beliefs while ignoring or undervaluing contradictory evidence.
unbeknown: without the knowledge of (someone)
hunched: bending the top part of your body forward and raising your shoulders and back
snowball: if a problem, a plan, an activity, etc. snowballs, it quickly becomes much bigger, more serious, more important, etc.
awkward: difficult to deal with
conspire: to secretly plan with other people to do something illegal or harmful
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a structured, short-term psychotherapy that helps people identify and change unhelpful thought patterns and behaviors, making it one of the most effective treatments for conditions like anxiety, depression, PTSD, and insomnia.
A knock-on effect is an indirect chain reaction where one event or action causes a series of other events to happen sequentially.
dictate: to control or influence how something happens
manifestation: an event, action or thing that is a sign that something exists or is happening
steering wheel: the wheel that the driver turns to control the direction that a vehicle goes in
Change the narrative and try to find proof that the world is, in fact, conspiring with you, not against you, to make you happy and help you get everything you want.
心理層面：這句話鼓勵採用成長型思維，尋找正向證據，以改變情緒與行為反應。
成長型思維是指相信人的能力與智力可以透過持續的努力、學習和良好策略而不斷提升的心態。在認知心理學中，正向佐證指的是人們傾向去尋找「符合自己既有信念、假設或預期」的證據。
實務步驟：列出近期支持你、幫助你的事件；刻意記錄小成功；遇到困難時問自己「這件事如何可能在幫助我？」以尋找有利解釋。
注意事項：不是盲目樂觀或否認問題，而是平衡地尋找能促進行動與希望的證據，同時保留現實檢驗的態度。
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
www.merriam-webster.com
Explained by Microsoft Copilot and Google Gemini
Inheritance in Python
In Python, __init__ is a special method inside classes, often called the constructor. It runs automatically whenever you create a new object (instance) from that class. Its main job is to initialize attributes and set up the object’s starting state.
In Python, f'...' refers to an f-string (formatted string literal). It’s a concise way to embed variables or expressions directly inside a string using curly braces {}.
name = "Alice"
age = 25
print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.")
# Output: My name is Alice and I am 25 years old.
self
Definition: A conventional name for the first parameter of instance methods in Python.
Property: Refers to the current object instance that the method is being called on.
Purpose: Allows access to instance attributes and other methods within the same object.
Note: You could technically name it anything, but
selfis the universally accepted convention for readability.
Example:
class Dog: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name # 'self' points to the new Dog object
Here,
self ensures that each Dog object stores its own name.name
Definition: In your class,
nameis an instance attribute.Property: A variable tied to a specific object, not shared across all objects.
Purpose: Stores the dog’s name, unique to each instance.
Access: Always referenced through
self.nameinside the class, and viaobject.nameoutside.
Example:
dog1 = Dog("Rover")
dog2 = Dog("Buddy")
print(dog1.name) # Rover
print(dog2.name) # Buddy
Each object has its own name value, even though both belong to the same class.
self is the handle to the object itself. name is the data stored inside that object. Together, they let each Dog carry its own identity while sharing the same class blueprint.
Inheritance in Python allows a class (child/subclass) to reuse attributes and methods from another class (parent/superclass), promoting code reusability and enabling method overriding. It’s a cornerstone of object-oriented programming, and in Python it’s implemented simply by listing the parent class in parentheses when defining the child class.
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def info(self):
print("Animal name:", self.name)
class Dog(Animal): # Dog inherits from Animal
def sound(self):
print(self.name, "barks")
d = Dog("Buddy")
d.info() # Inherited from Animal
d.sound() # Defined in Dog
Overriding and Extending
class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self, name, breed):
super().__init__(name) # call parent constructor
self.breed = breed
def info(self):
# override and extend parent method
super().info()
print(self.name, "is a", self.breed)
dog = Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever")
dog.info()
super() function: Used to call parent methods (commonly in __init__) to ensure proper initialization.
1. Inheritance
class Dog(Animal):→Doginherits fromAnimal.This means
Dogautomatically gets all attributes and methods defined inAnimalunless overridden.
2. Constructor (__init__)
super().__init__(name)→ calls the parent (Animal) constructor to initializeself.name.self.breed = breed→ adds a new attribute specific toDog.
So each Dog object has both name (from Animal) and breed (added in Dog).
3. Method Overriding
info()inDogoverridesinfo()fromAnimal.Inside, it first calls
super().info()→ runs the parent’s version (prints the name).Then it extends the behavior by printing the breed.
Microsoft Copilot
To define
In Python, the key difference is that instance methods operate on a specific object using self, while static methods are independent utility functions inside the class that don’t rely on self or cls. Instance methods are tied to object data, whereas static methods are just grouped logically under the class for organization.
class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name # instance attribute
def speak(self): # instance method
return f"{self.name} says: Bark!"
dog1 = Dog("Rover")
print(dog1.speak()) # Rover says: Bark!
---------
class Dog:
@staticmethod
def bark_sound(): # static method
return "Bark!"
print(Dog.bark_sound()) # Bark!
dog2 = Dog("Buddy")
print(dog2.bark_sound()) # Bark! (works, but doesn’t use dog2)
Microsoft Copilot
2026年10月6日星期二
漫不經心
doomed: certain to fail, suffer, die, etc.
inconspicuous: not attracting attention; not easy to notice
giggle: to laugh in a silly way because you are embarrassed or nervous or you think that something is funny
unfathomable: too strange or difficult to be understood
aha moment: a moment where you suddenly understand something, realize something important, have a good idea, or find the answer to a problem
Delulu is an internet slang term for delusional.
Memory-template system checks everything on a subconscious level and only brings it to your attention if needed.
Most of the time, the brain operates on autopilot, filtering and processing information beneath conscious awareness. It draws your conscious attention only when something unusual, contradictory, or important occurs.
大腦有一套自動化的記憶與模式檢查機制，平時在潛意識中過濾與處理資訊，只有當出現異常、重要或需決策的情況時，才會把相關訊息喚醒到意識層面。
When walking, you don’t consciously think about each step. But if the ground suddenly feels uneven, your subconscious alerts you instantly, shifting control to conscious focus.
commute: a regular journey made between one's home and a regular destination, such as a workplace or school
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
www.merriam-webster.com
Explained by Microsoft Copilot
2026年10月1日星期四
漸進常態與香腸切片戰術
creeping: (of something bad) happening or moving gradually and not easily noticed(of something bad) happening or moving gradually and not easily noticed
subtle: (often approving) not very obvious or easy to notice
self-worth: a feeling of confidence in yourself that you are a good and useful person
Psychological trauma can be caused by small and seemingly harmless events; when repeated, they have a cumulative effect on our psychological well-being and impact our way of thinking, leaving us with a vulnerability to mental illness, low self-worth and unhealthy coping mechanisms.
invalidate something: to prove that an idea, a story, an argument, etc. is wrong
ballerina: a female dancer in ballet
toll: the amount of damage or the number of deaths and injuries that are caused in a particular war, disaster, etc.
progression: the process of developing gradually from one stage or state to another
perpetual: continuing for a long period of time without stopping or being interrupted
Creeping normality means that over time you start to believe that this is the new normal. This slow change is not perceived as negative and so your perception of life shifts without you realizing that you yourself have changed completely. One small cut doesn't hurt all that much, but a thousand cuts can kill you.
insula: a small part of the brain in humans and some animals that is believed to be involved in consciousness and many emotions
Integrity means honesty, consistency, and wholeness—it’s about adhering firmly to moral principles, maintaining soundness in character or structure, and preserving unity without compromise.
Similarity between creeping normality in neuroscience and salami tactics:
Both concepts describe how large, harmful changes can succeed by being introduced as a sequence of small, incremental steps that individually seem acceptable or negligible. In neuroscience, creeping normality explains how the brain adapts to repeated small changes so that a new baseline becomes accepted; salami tactics is a political/strategic method of slicing a big change into many small moves to avoid resistance. They overlap in mechanism (gradualism, adaptation, reduced detection) and outcome (shifted norms or power), though they differ in agency and domain.
漸進常態（creeping normality）與香腸切片戰術（Salami tactics）相似之處在於：兩者都透過一連串微小、漸進的改變來達成重大轉變，單步看來無害或可接受，但累積後會改變基準與結果。前者強調人類感知與大腦的習慣化與基準漂移，後者強調有意識的策略性分割行動以避開反對。兩者共同利用注意力有限與對小變化的容忍，導致最終狀態被接受。
Nicole Vignola "Rewire"
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
dictionary.cambridge.org
Microsoft Copilot
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