Serum PSA levels and prostate cancer

    PSA can be detected in blood, normally at a low level. Disruption of normal prostatic architecture by cancer, benign enlargement, inflammation, or trauma can lead to elevated serum levels. When combined with a digital rectal examination (DRE), PSA can be used to screen for prostate cancer. An abnormal screening test may prompt a prostate biopsy, usually performed in conjunction with transrectal ultrasound, to provide a definitive diagnosis. Unfortunately, serum PSA alone cannot reliably distinguish between benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic infection or inflammation, and prostate cancer, either low or high grade.

   PSA 可以在血液中檢測到，通常處於低水平。癌症、良性增生、發炎或外傷會破壞正常的前列腺結構，導致血清中的 PSA 含量升高。若結合指感直腸檢查 (DRE)，PSA 可用於篩檢前列腺癌。篩檢測試的異常，可能需要進行前列腺活組織檢查，通常會與經直腸超音波檢查一起進行，以提供確切的診斷。不幸的是，單靠血清 PSA 並不能可靠區分良性前列腺增生、前列腺感染或發炎，以及前列腺癌，無論是低度或高度的血清PSA水平。

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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by both normal and malignant cells of the prostate gland. PSA levels are measured through a blood test and can be an indicator of prostate health. Elevated PSA levels can sometimes suggest the presence of prostate caner, but they can also be caused by other conditions such as prostatitis or benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Normal PSA levels: Generally, a PSA level below 4.0ng/mL is considered normal, but this can vary with age. For men under 60, a PSA level below 2.5 ng/mL is often considered normal.

Elevated PSA levels: PSA levels between 4.0 and 10.0 ng/mL indicate a higher chance of prostate cancer, with about a 25% chance of having the disease. Levels above 10.0 ng/mL increase the likelihood to over 50%.

Screening recommendations: Routine PSA screening is not universally recommended due to potential risks and benefits. Men aged 55 to 69 should discuss the pros and cons of PSA screening with their doctor. Those at higher risk, such as those with a family history of prostate cancer, may consider starting screening earlier.

Factors affecting PSA levels: Besides cancer, PSA levels can be elevated due to infections, recent procedures, or even activities like cycling.

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    【明報專訊】相隔九年，中央政府批准昨起恢復深圳居民赴港「一簽多行」個人遊簽注，並擴展至持居住證的深圳非戶籍居民。首日不少深圳居民到相關服務中心辦理「一簽多行」簽注，部分人辦理後隨即來港，打算再來感受本港濃厚的聖誕氣氛。有飲食業界人士呼籲業界把握時機，配合聖誕節或大熊貓熱潮，推出特色產品及加強宣傳。

簽注八十人幣 五分鐘內辦妥

    本報記者昨午十二時許在可辦理「一簽多行」簽注的「深圳市羅湖區政務服務中心」觀察，由於中心周日休息，內地居民只能使用自助機辦理手續；截至下午一時半，至少二十名內地居民到場辦理一簽多行。申請者可選擇三類簽注有效期，包括三個月一次、一年一次，以及一年多次(一簽多行)，收費八十元人民幣。由核對資料、容貌到取得簽注，過程不用五分鐘。

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    以伊斯蘭主義「沙姆解放組織」(HTS)為首的敘利亞叛軍，上周三展開突襲政府軍行動，稱為回應近幾周俄羅斯與敘利亞空軍在叛軍西北部根據地伊德利卜省加強空襲平民，以及阻截政府軍攻撃，至上周四晚叛軍表示橫掃了阿勒頗市多區，並搶佔多處政府軍陣地及數十條村落，截斷貫通敘利亞南北的M5高速公路。