Chaozhou woodcarving is one of the oldest surviving and most reputable form of woodcarving in China, and is famous for its precision, sophistication and lifelike sculptures (雕刻).
Depicting (描繪) everything from golden phoenixes [ˋfi:niks] and blossoming flowers to crabs struggling in a fishing net and rivals (競爭對手) fighting in a martial arts contest, the craft captures the fine, complex details of images and moments in time.
It brings them to life, right down to facial expressions and dynamic movements.
Chaozhou woodcarvings can often be found on the doors, windows and beams ( 樑) of temples and ancestral halls, on furniture such as partitions and cabinets, on ornaments and on religious tools and vessels (容器).
In 2006, Chaozhou woodcarving was placed on the first national list of intangible (非物質) culture heritage.
Chaozhou woodcarving dates back to the Tang dynasty (616-907 A.D.)
By the end of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.), the Chaozhou people had already mastered the skills and techniques involved, says Anven Wu Yim-chung, an executive director of the Federation of Hong Kong Chiu Chow Community Organization.
Chaozhou woodcarving continued to develop, reaching its peak in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911 A.D.).
"In the early years of the dynasty, a Ming loyalist called Zheng Chengong tried to topple the regime," Wu says.
"When he was in Taiwan, the Qing court imposed a sea embargo (貿易禁令) to prevent anyone, such as the fishermen, from helping him."
The Qing government eventually defeated Zheng and sea travel resumed, but by then suffering was already endemic (地方性的) among the Chaozhou people.
"Some ate tree bark to survive," Wu says.
"As a result, some Chaozhou people moved to Southeast Asian countries, such as Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore."
While many migrants struggled to survive, some managed to get by, eventually building on their wealth.
From the middle to late Qing dynasty, those who did well began sending money back to those family and friends who had remained in China.
Much of this money went towards building ceremonial buildings in China, all of them embellished (裝飾) with exquisite (精湛的) details and intricate (錯綜複雜的) patterns carved out of wood.
"As soon as you enter a temple or an ancestral [ænˋsestrəl] hall in Chaozhou, you will see wooden crossbeams on both sides of the ceiling decorated with elaborate carvings," Wu says.
While Ming dynasty craftsmen would leave the natural colour of the wood intact after carving, from the Qing dynasty onward they began coating the carving in colours such as gold, red, blue-green, black and white.
Carol Lau, assistant curator (館長) of urban and oral history, at the Hong Kong Museum of History, which is now staging an exhibition, "Gilded (鍍金) Glory: Chaozhou Woodcarving", says the woodcarvings are also known as "gilt (金色塗層) wood" because of the way in which lacquer and gold foil are often applied to pieces to give them a resplendent (華麗的) gold finish.
Chaozhou woodcarving is well known for its openwork (網狀細工) carving technique, which sets patterns against a hollowed-out backdrop, Lau says.
Other woodcarving techniques used in the Chaozhou craft include relief carving, in-the-round carving and intaglio (凹雕) carving. In relief carving, the pattern projects from the wood surface against a flat backdrop. Carving in the round produces three-dimensional pieces that can be viewed from all angles. With intaglio carving, the design is cut into the wood surface.
Before they start carving, craftsmen have to choose the right knives and the right wood. Camphor, China fir, chinaberry and rosewood are all common carving materials.
The process of carving is a complex one and every detail matters.
Woodcarvers first outline and image on a thin piece of paper, then placing it on a block of wood before carefully carving out the patterns and putting colours on them.
The patterns carved reflect the local culture of Chaozhou.
"One of the most common themes is sea animals such as crabs, lobsters and fish, which is a reflection of the everyday life of the Chaozhou people, many of whom used to be fishermen," Lau says.
"The carvings also indicate the hope for abundant catches."
Also popular are signs of blessings such as phoenixes, as well as scenes form folklore (民間傳說), myths and Chaozhou opera that carry a positive message, such as Guo Ziyi's (郭子儀) Birthday Celebration, a story about prosperity and longevity.
"Chaozhou people perform opera for the deities (神) they worship," Lau says.
"On some carved pieces of multilayered openwork, you will find the detailed depiction of these stories where different scenes are separated by the carving of footpaths, streams and steps.
For crossbeams, Wu considers a form called "three beams, five melons" the most magnificent (壯麗的) type of woodcarving.
This form is characterized by short columns in the shape of melons; they simultaneously decorate the beams and support the ceiling above them.
"Melons, which grow on long vines (攀緣), are a symbol of abundant offspring," Wu says.
"The blossoming [ˋblɔsəm] of fruit is also a sign of a big, prospering family."
As well as its application on buildings and beams, Chaozhou woodcarving is often used to decorate tools and objects used in religious rituals.
These include offering plates, shrine (聖殿) tables on which incense (香) is burned and where ancestor tablets are placed, and the boxes in which sacred (神聖的) food is placed inside a temple.
"You give the most precious food to deities, and the container also needs to be the highest quality, which is why we decorate it with gold," Wu says.
The Chaozhou people have a long tradition of deity worship.
They are devoted (真誠的) to building and refurbishing (整修) temples and ancestral halls, and it is this dedication that has kept the art of woodcarving alive and flourishing (興旺的).
"Everyone wants the deities to protect them and their family, and we all want our temples and ancestor houses to be the most spectacular (壯觀的)," Wu says.
It's a far cry from Hong Kong, where high labour costs are contributing the speedy decline of the art of woodcarving.
"Chaozhou woodcarving reflects our deep feelings for our deities and ancestors."
"The more detailed the woodwork, the more we show our respect," Wu says.
"The tradition is a source of pride of us and reminds us of where we come from."
金漆通雕梅花螃蟹樑托
沒有留言:
發佈留言