The usage of probiotic foods and supplements has been widely considered part of a healthy diet by supplementing the gut microbiome (微生物群) with beneficial bacteria. Although the usage of probiotics (益生菌) is a common dietary accessory, there is limited reproducible (可重複性) evidence showing bacterial colonization, thus limiting long term effectiveness.
Linhardt, C. A. (2019). The relationship of gut microbiota in standard and overweight children, before and after probiotic administration.
The University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy.
http://hdl.handle.net/11299/202569
Tablets and drinks containing probiotics are available in the shops. Advertisements declaring amazing results filled medical journals and newspapers.
Firstly, what species and strains (種類) does a product contain? Often, these are not detailed, or they do not match up with the true contents when they are cultured (培養). Probably, the more species the better, though we have very little understanding of the impact of different strains on the body.
Secondly, how many individual bacteria does a product contain? Bacteria in large intestine originally are in huge number.
The benefits of prebiotics, whether isolated or in their original delicious packaging (particularly onions, garlic, leeks 韭蔥, asparagus 蘆筍 and bananas, to name a few), might be more wide-ranging than those of probiotics.
Collen, A. (2015). 10% Human: How Your Body's Microbes Hold the Key to Health and Happiness. London: William Collins.
Prebiotics (益生元) are a group of nutrients that are degraded by gut microbiota (腸道菌群). They can feed the intestinal microbiota, and their degradation products are short-chain fatty acids that are released into blood circulation, consequently, affecting not only the gastrointestinal tracts but also other distant organs.
Beneficial intestinal microbes ferment (發酵) specific non-digestible dietary substances called prebiotics and obtain their survival energy from degrading indigestible binds of prebiotics. As a result of this, prebiotics can selectively influence gut microbiota. On the other hand, the gut microbiota affects intestinal functions, such as metabolism and integrity of the intestine. Moreover, they can suppress pathogens in healthy individuals.
身體健康的人，其腸道微生物群能幫助消化、調節免疫力、防止感染及幫助製造維生素和其他營養素。證據顯示患病的人的腸道微生態普遍失衡，即好菌減少，致病菌增加。腸道微生態失衡與許多慢性或自身免疫性疾病相關，包括肥胖症、炎症性腸病、糖尿病、代謝病、動脈粥樣硬化、自閉症、精神分裂症、結腸直腸癌、肝癌、類風濕性關節炎、肌肉營養不良和多發性硬化症。
In healthy individuals, microbiome aids food digestion, regulates immunity, protects against pathogenic infection, and participates in the synthesis of vitamins and other nutrients. In diseased individuals, evidence shows an imbalance of beneficial and pathogenic microbes in the human microbiome, a phenomenon known as dysbiosis.
Dysbiosis is shown to correlate with numerous chronic or autoimmune diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, autism, schizophrenia, colorectal cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy, and multiple sclerosis.
GenieBiome Ltd. (2021). Science. https://www.g-niib.com/en/science
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