Lack of fiber in the diet was first postulated (假定) in 1971 as the cause of diseases such as diverticulosis (憩室病︰腸胃壁上的袋狀突出物), hemorrhoids and colorectal cancer. Since then, partly due to widespread media publicity, it is now widely accepted that dietary fiber is a necessary component of a healthy diet and is required for normal bowel movement. It is popularly used in the management of constipation by the public and by many doctors. Insoluble fiber is known to increase stool weight and decrease colonic transit time. Fiber is said to aid in water retention in the colon and results in stools that are less dry and easier to evacuate. However, the reality is that stool moisture content remains at 70%-75% regardless of the amount of fiber and water consumed.
There is recent evidence that low fiber intake does not equate to constipation. Patients with chronic constipation also have similar fiber intake to controls. Patients with chronic constipation may also have worsening symptoms when dietary fiber intake is increased. Another study found that lactulose (乳果糖) was more effective in easing constipation when compared with fiber.
It has also been our experience that many patients with constipation are already consuming a large amount of fiber before they seek medical attention.
Ho, K. S. (2012). Stopping or reducing dietary fiber intake reduces constipation and its associated symptoms. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 18(33), 4593–4596. http://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i33.4593
2020年4月30日星期四
2020年4月24日星期五
偽科學防疫產品
根據 EA Mask 在臉書官方網頁的陳述，該產品成功註冊 FDA Class 1 級別產品，註冊產品號為：D296208
- Disinfector – Medical Device. 日本 EA
Mask 絕對安全使用，是有權威認可有效的空氣消毒產品。
Class I – These devices present minimal potential for harm
to the user and are often simpler in design than Class II or Class III devices.
Example includes elastic bandages. 47% of medical devices fall under this
category and 95% of these are exempt (被豁免的) from the regulatory process.
FDA. (2017, December 29). Learn if a Medical Device Has Been Cleared by FDA for Marketing. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/consumers-medical-devices/learn-if-medical-device-has-been-cleared-fda-marketing
Clearance: 批准
- 全球首創二氧化氯(ClO2)主動式殺菌去味原理
- 可防止細菌病毒交叉感染，環保、滅菌、消毒、去味除臭、清淨空氣
- 獲得野口醫學研究所品質推獎品
- 不產生致癌物及污染環境的多用途環保型殺菌消毒劑
- 美國食品藥物管理局 (FDA) / 美國環境保護署 (EPA) 認可
- 安全、無味、無毒、穩定性強、對人/畜/寵物無害
E.A Mask can produce 0.017 ppm chlorine dioxide to protect a
person wearing it from virus, bacteria and fungi attack within 1 meter circle
from the product. It is suitable for all ages including new born babies and
pregnant women. It can effectively prevent virus and bacteria from spreading in
public transport, school and hospital if everyone is wearing it and prevent a
person who wears it from bringing virus, bacteria and fungi back home via
clothes.
https://www.hktvmall.com
日本大幸藥品（製造「正露丸」的公司）也有出售二氧化氯產品。在其網頁卻有一些有趣的數據：二氧化氯對細菌、真菌、病毒，的確有抵抗的作用，但原來需要的濃度是遠遠超過
0.017 ppm
立場新聞. (2019, April 19). 固體二氧化氯產生劑的 EA
Mask 神奇盾牌...？https://www.thestandnews.com/
Toamit Virus Shut Out is an anti-viral and anti-bacterial personal protection device. This lanyard (頸帶) releases a low concentration of airborne chlorine dioxide to eliminate germs and viruses in the surrounding air. Just wearing this item around your neck creates a barrier against germs and viruses. Toamit Virus Shut Out is made in Japan, so you can rest assured in its safety and quality. Each piece will last approximately 30 days after opening. This device targets airborne germs. It does not replace basic hygiene measures.
https://www.shopee.com.my/
腦殘記
The frontal lobes are located directly behind the forehead. The frontal lobes are the largest lobes in the human brain...The frontal lobes are important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions. Executive functions refer to a collection of cognitive skills including the capacity to plan, organize, initiate, self-monitor and control one’s responses in order to achieve a goal. The frontal lobes are considered our behavior and emotional control center and home to our personality. There is no other part of the brain where lesions can cause such a wide variety of symptoms.
Queensland Government. (2020).Brain Map Frontal Lobes. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/abios/asp/bfrontal
The parietal lobes are located near the back and top of the head. They are important for processing and interpreting somatosensory (somatic: 軀體的) input. For example, they inform us about objects in our external environment through touch (i.e., physical contact with skin) and about the position and movement of our body parts (proprioception: 本體感覺). The parietal lobes are also responsible for integrating sensory input, and construction of a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us.
Queensland Government. (2020). Brain Map: Parietal Lobes. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/abios/asp/bparietal
The primary functions of the temporal lobe are to process sensory information and derive it into meaningful memories, language, and emotions. The temporal lobe is responsible primarily for declarative memory (陳述性記憶), which is memory that can be said out loud, and is subdivided into episodic (life events) and semantic (fact-like) memory. Located within the middle temporal lobe are the hippocampus (海馬迴) and the amygdala (杏仁體︰負責情緒反應). The hippocampus manages the formation of new memories and the conversion of short-term memories into long-term ones...The temporal lobe also plays an essential role in processing sounds. It houses the primary auditory cortex and the superior temporal gyrus (a ridge on the cerebral cortex). The primary auditory cortex can process input from the ears into meaningful units like words and sentences. The sounds we hear first enter the brain in an area within the superior temporal gyrus traveling from the cochlea (耳蝸)...Parts of the temporal lobe aid in processing visual stimuli, primarily to allow us to recognize objects...A specialized area of the temporal lobe, known as the Wernicke area, is found on the dominant hemisphere. It is responsible for processing written and spoken language.
Patel, A.(2020, April 3).Neuroanatomy, Temporal Lobe. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519512/
The cerebral surface of the occipital lobe irregularly molds into eminences called gyri and separated by depressions called sulci (溝)...The occipital lobe is the visual processing area of the brain. It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation.
Rehman, A. (2019, July 6). Neuroanatomy, Occipital Lobe. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544320/
The cerebellum integrates nerve impulses from the labyrinths (內耳迷路) of the ear and from positional sensors in the muscles; cerebellar signals then determine the extent and timing of contraction of individual muscle fibers to make fine adjustments in maintaining balance and posture and to produce smooth, coordinated movements of large muscle masses in voluntary motions.
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020). Cerebellum. https://www.britannica.com/science/nervous-system/The-nerve-cell
Brainstem, area at the base of the brain that lies between the deep structures of the cerebral hemispheres and the cervical spinal cord and that serves a critical role in regulating certain involuntary actions of the body, including heartbeat and breathing.
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020). Brainstem. https://www.britannica.com/science/brainstem
Image: Widmaier, E.P., & Raff, H. (2008). Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
2020年4月20日星期一
法西斯主義
Fascism is a form of government that is a type of one-party dictatorship. They work for a totalitarian (極權主義的) one-party state. This aim is to prepare the nation for armed conflict, and to respond to economic difficulties. Fascism puts nation and often race above the individual. It stands for a centralized government headed by a dictator. Historically, fascist governments tend to be autocratic (獨裁的), militaristic (軍國主義的), and racist.
simple.wikipedia.org
simple.wikipedia.org
2020年4月19日星期日
The Repatriation Agreement
Despite repeated ceasefire violations committed by both sides after the signing of the twenty-four-point agreement, over 2,400 guerrillas and some female cadres of the East River Column out of the 3,174 actually arrived at the point of embarkation (上船) area of Shayuchong and achieved their mission of "victorious repatriation (歸國)" on 29 June 1946.
Although the US military had been providing equipment and material to the KMT to help them in the impending civil war, Colonel Miller and his colleagues remained fair and neutral in their work in the mediation. They earned the respect and admiration of General Zeng Sheng, who called Miller "an Ambassador of Peace".
Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Although the US military had been providing equipment and material to the KMT to help them in the impending civil war, Colonel Miller and his colleagues remained fair and neutral in their work in the mediation. They earned the respect and admiration of General Zeng Sheng, who called Miller "an Ambassador of Peace".
Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Use of "Should"
We can use “should” at the beginning of a sentence when the action in the If-clause is unlikely to happen. We omit the if of the If-clause and put “should” first.
https://www.quora.com/
Should can also go at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, if is dropped.
For example: Should it rain, there will be no picnic today.
https://ell.stackexchange.com/
https://www.quora.com/
Should can also go at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, if is dropped.
For example: Should it rain, there will be no picnic today.
https://ell.stackexchange.com/
2020年4月17日星期五
中央才有解釋基本法的無上權威？！
港澳辦及中聯辦日前發稿批評郭榮鏗和部分立法會議員阻撓內會選出正副主席，遭泛民批評違反《基本法》第22條。中聯辦發言人今日（17日）回應稱，「兩辦」為中央授權專責處理香港事務的機構，並非《基本法》第22條所指一般意義上的「中央人民政府所屬部門」，批評有人提出「中央干預香港內部事務」之說，是曲解《基本法》；強調在中央授權下，有權力也有責任就香港事務發聲。
中聯辦重申，中央在香港實行的高度自治並非完全自治，特區享有的高度自治權，包括立法權，均由中央授權。中聯辦又稱，兩辦有權代表中央政府在《基本法》正確實施等重大議題上行使監督權，不僅是履職盡責的需要，也是憲法和《基本法》賦予的權利，「少數人身為法律專業人士」惡意曲解《基本法》，對社會民意構成誤導。
中聯辦再批評郭榮鏗，稱根據《議事規則》及《內務守則》，其職責只限主持內會主席選舉，認為他惡意解讀規則，嚴重影響立法會的運作及阻礙立法會依據《基本法》履行職能。
明報新聞網. (2020, April 17). 中聯辦：「中央干預」之說曲解基本法 郭榮鏗：一國兩制被撕破.https://news.mingpao.com/ins/港聞/article/20200417/s00001/1587125410074/中聯辦-「中央干預」之說曲解基本法-郭榮鏗-一國兩制被撕破
頭條新聞：鐵證如山
城中那位狀師罪行滔天、鐵證如山，太后要求包豪星將他治罪。鐵證如山……是指哪一座山呢？
港澳辦及中聯辦日前「發炮」批評公民黨立法會議員、內會代主席郭榮鏗及「部分反對派」拖延選內會正副主席，是有違宣誓、涉嫌公職人員行為失當。立法會內務委員會自兩辦聲明後，今日（17日）首次舉行會議。多名建制派議員直斥郭榮鏗無權主持，多次要求他讓位予延任主席李慧琼，惟郭榮鏗未有理會。郭榮鏗在會議結束時重申，議會外的「說三道四」，絕不會影響他繼續主持會議。
會議開首，公民黨楊岳橋發言時即被建制派打斷，蔣麗芸、葛珮帆、陳恆鑌及工聯會陸頌雄等因在庭位上叫囂而被警告。陸頌雄批評郭榮鏗多次「扮無辜」，聲稱內會至今未能選主席，是要給予議員充足提問時間，但又曾承認是要阻擋國歌法，隱藏政治目的，是誠信有虧和濁職，要求他將主持之位交給李慧琼，「唔好再霸住主席台，唔好再霸住立法會，唔好再癱瘓立法會、癱瘓香港、攬炒香港！」
立場新聞. (2020, April
17). 【內會風波】建制派促郭榮鏗讓位予李慧琼 郭榮鏗：議會外聲明譴責 不影響主持會議. https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/內會風波-建制派促郭榮鏗讓位予李慧琼-郭榮鏗-議會外聲明譴責-不影響主持會議/
第二十二條
中央人民政府所屬各部門、各省、自治區、直轄市均不得干預香港特別行政區根據本法自行管理的事務。
中央各部門、各省、自治區、直轄市如需在香港特別行政區設立機構，須徵得香港特別行政區政府同意並經中央人民政府批准。
中央各部門、各省、自治區、直轄市在香港特別行政區設立的一切機構及其人員均須遵守香港特別行政區的法律。
*中國其他地區的人進入香港特別行政區須辦理批准手續，其中進入香港特別行政區定居的人數由中央人民政府主管部門徵求香港特別行政區政府的意見後確定。
香港特別行政區可在北京設立辦事機構。
中央人民政府所屬各部門、各省、自治區、直轄市均不得干預香港特別行政區根據本法自行管理的事務。
中央各部門、各省、自治區、直轄市如需在香港特別行政區設立機構，須徵得香港特別行政區政府同意並經中央人民政府批准。
中央各部門、各省、自治區、直轄市在香港特別行政區設立的一切機構及其人員均須遵守香港特別行政區的法律。
*中國其他地區的人進入香港特別行政區須辦理批准手續，其中進入香港特別行政區定居的人數由中央人民政府主管部門徵求香港特別行政區政府的意見後確定。
香港特別行政區可在北京設立辦事機構。
中華人民共和國香港特別行政區. (2019, February 8). 憲法及《基本法》全文. https://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/pda/tc/basiclawtext/chapter_2.html
摘自《我們與台灣的距離》
台北市大致分為四個區塊，東北區塊以中國東北省分的地名、西北區塊以中國西北省分的地名、西南區塊以中國西南省分的地名、東南區塊以中國東南省分的地名命名。於是長春街在台北的東北部、重慶路在西北部、昆明街在西南部、廣州街在東南部，直到今天地名依舊。
台北的街道名除了中國地名外還有幾個命名原則。例如根據中華民國國父孫文的三民主義（民族主義、民權主義、民生主義）而來的民族路、民權路和民生路。還有從孫文闡釋民族主義所揭櫫之八德，兩兩配對而成的忠孝路、仁愛路、信義路和和平路。
其他還有慶祝戰勝和祈念復興的新生路、中華路、愛國路、光復路和建國路。另外有根據孫文的名字而命名的中山路、根據其號的逸仙路。根據國民黨政府要人姓名的林森路，根據同盟國美國總統之名的羅斯福路，曾經還有以麥克阿瑟將軍為名的麥帥路。
台北的街道名除了中國地名外還有幾個命名原則。例如根據中華民國國父孫文的三民主義（民族主義、民權主義、民生主義）而來的民族路、民權路和民生路。還有從孫文闡釋民族主義所揭櫫之八德，兩兩配對而成的忠孝路、仁愛路、信義路和和平路。
其他還有慶祝戰勝和祈念復興的新生路、中華路、愛國路、光復路和建國路。另外有根據孫文的名字而命名的中山路、根據其號的逸仙路。根據國民黨政府要人姓名的林森路，根據同盟國美國總統之名的羅斯福路，曾經還有以麥克阿瑟將軍為名的麥帥路。
2020年4月14日星期二
古物古蹟辦事處
Following the walkway over the outdoor swimming pools points you back towards Nathan Road, and almost directly opposite stand the red-brick premises (房屋建築及附屬場地) of the Antiquities and Monuments Office. This government body occupies the former Kowloon British School, built in 1902 with a donation from Jardines compradore (買辦) Sir Robert Ho Tung.
Spurrier, P. (2016). The Heritage Hiker's Guide to Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Form Asia.
Antiquities and Monuments Office. (2020, January 22). Declared Monuments in Hong Kong. https://www.amo.gov.hk/b5/monuments_45.php
2020年4月9日星期四
Introduction to Azure
Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing service created by Microsoft for building, testing, deploying, and managing applications and services through Microsoft-managed data centers.
en.wikipedia.org
Cloud computing platforms, like Azure, tend to be less expensive and more secure, reliable, and flexible than on-premises (the software and technology that is located within the physical confines of an enterprise) servers. With the cloud, equipment downtime due to maintenance, theft, or damage is almost non-existent.
azure.microsoft.com
en.wikipedia.org
Cloud computing platforms, like Azure, tend to be less expensive and more secure, reliable, and flexible than on-premises (the software and technology that is located within the physical confines of an enterprise) servers. With the cloud, equipment downtime due to maintenance, theft, or damage is almost non-existent.
azure.microsoft.com
苦盡甘來
早上，喝一杯苦澀的香片，再喝一口清水，口中有淡淡的清甜。經過苦難，回復平淡生活，心頭會有一絲甜意。香港人，以至地球村的各個民族，熬得過去的，相信最終會苦盡甘來。香港人經歷過非典，一開始就小心翼翼，到今天仍舊不鬆懈，港人與醫護合作，成果有目共睹。站在香港這塊福地，看見歐美人民的生離死別，似乎無法以所謂的同理心說什麼安慰的說話。香港有頂尖的微生物學教授和流行病學專家，他們能夠代表香港人向各國分享抗疫經驗。至於中國雖然向邦交國伸出援手，好像有大國風範，但我們要留意何處是病毒源頭，中國事實上是虧欠全球人民。再加上送往各國的防疫物資品質有問題，隨時幫倒忙。香港人不承認自己是中國人，不無原因。
2020年4月4日星期六
兒童書一啲都唔簡單
mayoclinic.org
Urobilinogen is a colorless by-product of bilirubin reduction. It is formed in the intestines by bacterial action on bilirubin. Urobilinogen is converted to the yellow pigmented urobilin apparent in urine.
en.wikipedia.org
Riboflavin (vitamin B2), vitamin B12, folic acid and other B-complex vitamins contain yellow-green or yellow-orange pigments that may change urine color. This side effect is harmless and usually goes away on its own.
livestrong.com
Facial expression
「日本大地震，我從不同電視臺攝錄下來的鏡頭中，再一次觀察日本人的表情特點……大難當前，最能考驗人性。日本人也有喜怒哀樂，生死關頭，怎無恐懼？但教育有效，見於表情。」
Nationalists Versus Communists
It was obvious that neither the KMT nor the CCP were sincere in their negotiations. Whatever they agreed on on paper was difficult to implement on the ground. The priority on both sides was to retain as many soldiers as possible and to grab as much territory as possible. As the regions in north China were rich in resources and strategically important, both sides were keen to occupy as much land in north China as possible. Therefore, the situation in Guangdong, where there were fewer combatants (參戰者) on both sides, was not the focus of their attention and became a sideline in the overall situation.
However, the soldiers from the Hong Kong and Kowloon Independent Brigade of the East River Column who were evacuated to areas north of the Hong Kong border faced incessant (持續不斷的) hostilities from the KMT regular armed forces, beginning as early as October 1945. In one of the many skirmishes (小規模戰鬥) that occurred barely thirty miles north of Shenzhen, it was reported that 100 guerrillas had been killed and over 30 seriously injured.
Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
However, the soldiers from the Hong Kong and Kowloon Independent Brigade of the East River Column who were evacuated to areas north of the Hong Kong border faced incessant (持續不斷的) hostilities from the KMT regular armed forces, beginning as early as October 1945. In one of the many skirmishes (小規模戰鬥) that occurred barely thirty miles north of Shenzhen, it was reported that 100 guerrillas had been killed and over 30 seriously injured.
Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
人物
何香凝 He Xiangning, Tongmenghui
廖仲愷 Liao Zhongkai, husband of He Xiangning
張治中 Zhang Zhizhong, KMT
王若飛 Wang Ruofei, CCP
張羣 Zhang Qun, KMT
王世杰 Wang Shijie, KMT
Patrick Hurley, Major General of US
邵力子 Shao Lizi, KMT, CCP
葉劍英 Ye jianying, CCP
鄭介民 Zheng Jiemin, KMT
Walter S. Robertson, US Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs
張發奎 Zhang Fakui, Chinese Nationalist general
孫立人 Sun Liren, Chinese Nationalist general
廖仲愷 Liao Zhongkai, husband of He Xiangning
張治中 Zhang Zhizhong, KMT
王若飛 Wang Ruofei, CCP
張羣 Zhang Qun, KMT
王世杰 Wang Shijie, KMT
Patrick Hurley, Major General of US
邵力子 Shao Lizi, KMT, CCP
葉劍英 Ye jianying, CCP
鄭介民 Zheng Jiemin, KMT
Walter S. Robertson, US Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs
張發奎 Zhang Fakui, Chinese Nationalist general
孫立人 Sun Liren, Chinese Nationalist general
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