蛋殼黑陶

蛋殼黑陶是中國史前陶器工藝的代表作品之一，因器壁極薄如蛋殼而得名，被視為新石器時代製陶技術的高峰。

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Strong Reduction Firing

「強還原氣氛燒成」是陶器燒製中的一種窯燒氣氛控制方式。

還原燒成︰特徵是氧氣不足

在窯爐內故意減少氧氣供應，使燃料（煤、木柴、瓦斯）燃燒不完全。

由於氧氣不足，火焰會從陶土和釉藥中的金屬氧化物「搶奪氧」。

這種化學變化會改變陶器的顏色和質感。

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陶藝術語

「快輪拉坯」是陶藝中的術語。

快輪：指高速旋轉的陶輪。

拉坯：利用旋轉中的陶泥，以雙手將泥團拉高、擴張、塑形，製作杯、碗、瓶等器物的過程。

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從「損失」中學習

modulation: the act of influencing something by changing or controlling it

The periaqueductal gray is a key structure in the propagation and modulation of pain, sympathetic responses as well as the learning and action of defensive and aversive behaviors.

The posterior cingulate cortex is a key node in the default mode network that is typically active at rest and during episodic and prospective memory tasks.

autobiographical: being or relating to the story of a person's life

going-over: a complete examination or cleaning of somebody/something

cathartic: involving the release of strong feelings as a way of providing relief from anger, mental pain, etc.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is part of the limbic system and is involved in the regulation of attention and emotion, inhibitory control, error monitoring, and motivation (Bush, Luu, & Posner, 2000). 

When your brain uses previous experiences to shape the world, we call this experience-dependent plasticity. Having experienced a loss means we can be better prepared next time.

大腦會根據你過去學到和經歷過的事情，改變神經連結，從而影響你如何理解和回應周圍的世界。曾經遭受失敗或損失的人，能從經驗中學習，未來遇到類似情況時，較能預防問題或作出更好的決定。

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a group of neurons located near the floor of the midbrain, adjacent to the substantia nigra. It serves as a core part of the brain's reward and motivation circuitry.

The nucleus accumbens is a subcortical brain structure in the basal forebrain that acts as the primary interface between motivation, emotion, and motor action, famously recognized as a core part of the brain's reward system.

Nicole Vignola "Rewire"

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oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

en.wikipedia.orgy

Google AI Overview

Explained by Microsoft Copilot

Drawing shapes in Python

A static attribute in Python is a variable that belongs to the class itself, not to individual objects created from that class. It’s sometimes called a class attribute.

Defined inside the class, but outside any methods.

Shared by all instances of the class.

Accessed using either ClassName.attribute or object.attribute.

class Dog: # static/class attribute species = "Canis familiaris" def __init__(self, name): self.name = name # instance attribute dog1 = Dog("Rover") dog2 = Dog("Buddy") print(dog1.species) # Canis familiaris print(dog2.species) # Canis familiaris print(Dog.species) # Canis familiaris

class Shape:

    width = 5

    height = 5

    printChar = '#'

 

    def printRow(self, i):

        raise NotImplementedError("Will be implemented by children extending this class")

 

    def print(self):

        for i in range(self.height):

            self.printRow(i)

Shape class

Has static attributes: width, height, printChar.

Defines printRow() as an abstract method (raises NotImplementedError).

In Python, raise is used to trigger an exception. It tells the program: “Stop normal execution here and signal that something went wrong.”

Defines print() which loops through rows and calls printRow(i).

In your code, self.height refers to the class attribute height (which is set to 5 in Shape) but accessed through the object (self).

When you call self.height, Python first looks for an instance attribute named height.

If it doesn’t find one, it uses the class attribute height.

In your example, since you didn’t set height inside __init__, every object uses the class’s height = 5.

class Square(Shape):

    def printRow(self, i):

        print(self.printChar * self.width)

Square class

Implements printRow(i) by printing a full row of printChar repeated width times.

So Square().print() will print a solid square.

class Triangle(Shape):

    def printRow(self, i):

        # Row i has (i+1) characters

        print(self.printChar * (i + 1))

class EqilateralTriangle(Shape):

    def printRow(self, i):

        spaces = self.width - i - 1

        chars = 2 * i + 1

        print(" " * spaces + self.printChar * chars)

    #

   ###

  #####

 #######

#########

Is it a matter if i don't put "self" before "printChar"?

Yes, it does matter whether you put self. before printChar.

With self.printChar

• Python looks for the attribute on the object (self).
• If the object doesn’t have its own, it falls back to the class attribute (Shape.printChar).
• This makes the code flexible: each instance can override printChar if needed.

With just printChar

• Python will look for a local variable named printChar inside the method.
• Since none exists, it will raise a NameError.
• It won’t automatically use the class attribute unless you explicitly write Shape.printChar.

>>> padding = int((10 - 1)/2) >>> print (padding) 4

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陶瓷術語十七

短流是古代陶器、青銅器常見的一種構件術語。

流：指器物上用來倒出液體的出口部分，相當於壺嘴。

短流：流部較短，通常只略微伸出器身，與「長流」相對。

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齊家文化

齊家文化是中國西北地區早期青銅時代的重要考古文化，約公元前2400年至前1900年，分布於甘肅蘭州至青海湟水流域，被視為中國最早的青銅文化之一。 它承接馬家窯文化，並在陶器、青銅器、農業與社會制度上展現出過渡性特徵。

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en.wikipedia.org