..Anna Wu (胡紅玉), a lawyer who in 1975 helped found the Hong Kong Observers, a pressure group dedicated to discussing contemporary issue, and who was appointed by Patten to the Legislative Council in 1992, argues that Murray MacLehose's refusal to introduce elections to the Legislative Council during his tenure (任期) as "disastrous" for Hong Kong. Such reforms would have given Hong Kong a "much more stable and more mature alternative" to colonial rule and would have prepared Hong Kong much better for the post-1997 HKSAR government. Politics, Wu maintains, would have "been part of our lives and culture, not a new concept." By not introducing democracy until the 1990s, the colonial government actually legitimized (合理化) the PRC government's opposition to political changes. Thus, it is not only Beijing that is to blame for the HKSAR's problems.
Rather, argues Ming Chan, "the inadequate foundation, unhealthy political culture, flawed legal-administrative framework and questionable bureaucratic practices inherited from the British --- together with the inability of the Hong Kong people to stand firmly to defend their much cherished freedom, democracy and high degree of autonomy because of their colonial deprivation --- ought to be blamed as well."
The end of British rule did not give Hong Kong a fresh start. On the contrary, Beijing is committed to keeping Hong Kong's political structure in the form it had assumed by the last years of the colonial era, especially the functional constituency (功能界別) model for the new Legislative Council because legislators from these constituencies consistently vote against any measures to promote democratic reforms, civil liberties, or political accountability.
Carroll, J.M. (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
2019年9月4日星期三
Falun Gong and Article 23
Considering that the one country, two systems model was originally designed for Taiwan, ensuring a smooth reversion is also crucial for reunification with Taiwan: a failed reversion would both hurt economic relations with Taiwan and lead to stronger demands for independence there.
單非、雙非案︰The overwhelming majority, it seemed, preferred the overall welfare of society to the preservation (保持) of law. Accepting the ultimate authority of the Standing Committee to interpret the Basic Law, in January 2002 the Court of Final Appeal reversed its earlier decision by ruling against some claimants on the right-of abode issue.
Although freedom of press is guaranteed by the Basic Law, the PRC government has shown since the years leading up to the handover that it has its own view of what this freedom meant...In January 1994, local television station TVB decided not to broadcast a BBC documentary of Mao Zedong that the PRC government had criticized as being biased...In 1997, the Hong Kong Journalists Association predicted that self-censorship, rather than direct government intervention, would be more likely to undermine freedom of expression in Hong Kong.
After Chen Shui-bian of the pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party was elected president of Taiwan in spring 2000, Wang Fengchao (王鳳超), deputy director of the Beijing liaison office in Hong Kong, warned the Hong Kong media not to report on pro-independence activities in Taiwan.
In May 2001, the HKSAR government formally announced its intention to draft an anti-cult (反異教團體) law, the presumed target being the Falun Gong...In late June, Chief Secretary Donald Tsang abruptly withdrew the anti-cult proposal...In September 2002, during his second term, Tung Chee-hwa tried to introduce an anti-sedition (反煽動叛亂) and anti-subversion (反顛覆) bill, at the insistence of Beijing and as stipulated in Article 23 of the Basic Law...On July 1 (2003), more than five hundred thousand people staged the largest public demonstration in the young HKSAR's history...After pressure from critics of the bill and even from his own supporters, Tung withdrew the bill in early September.
In late 2003, President Hu Jintao warned Tung Chee-hwa that the issue of electoral reforms could not move ahead without prior consultation from Beijing.
Carroll, J.M. (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
單非、雙非案︰The overwhelming majority, it seemed, preferred the overall welfare of society to the preservation (保持) of law. Accepting the ultimate authority of the Standing Committee to interpret the Basic Law, in January 2002 the Court of Final Appeal reversed its earlier decision by ruling against some claimants on the right-of abode issue.
Although freedom of press is guaranteed by the Basic Law, the PRC government has shown since the years leading up to the handover that it has its own view of what this freedom meant...In January 1994, local television station TVB decided not to broadcast a BBC documentary of Mao Zedong that the PRC government had criticized as being biased...In 1997, the Hong Kong Journalists Association predicted that self-censorship, rather than direct government intervention, would be more likely to undermine freedom of expression in Hong Kong.
After Chen Shui-bian of the pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party was elected president of Taiwan in spring 2000, Wang Fengchao (王鳳超), deputy director of the Beijing liaison office in Hong Kong, warned the Hong Kong media not to report on pro-independence activities in Taiwan.
In May 2001, the HKSAR government formally announced its intention to draft an anti-cult (反異教團體) law, the presumed target being the Falun Gong...In late June, Chief Secretary Donald Tsang abruptly withdrew the anti-cult proposal...In September 2002, during his second term, Tung Chee-hwa tried to introduce an anti-sedition (反煽動叛亂) and anti-subversion (反顛覆) bill, at the insistence of Beijing and as stipulated in Article 23 of the Basic Law...On July 1 (2003), more than five hundred thousand people staged the largest public demonstration in the young HKSAR's history...After pressure from critics of the bill and even from his own supporters, Tung withdrew the bill in early September.
In late 2003, President Hu Jintao warned Tung Chee-hwa that the issue of electoral reforms could not move ahead without prior consultation from Beijing.
Carroll, J.M. (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
2019年9月3日星期二
Physical exercise and metabolism
Muscle cells need a lot of energy, which means they burn a lot of calories. In fact, they burn more calories than fat cells, even when you're not exercising.
Exercise becomes even more important as you get older. You naturally lose muscle mass with age, which slows down your metabolism. Working out can stop that slide.
Source: webmd.com
Exercise becomes even more important as you get older. You naturally lose muscle mass with age, which slows down your metabolism. Working out can stop that slide.
Source: webmd.com
Breastfeeding and influenza
A mother with suspected or confirmed flu should take all possible precautions to avoid spreading the virus to her infant while continuing to provide breast milk to her infant.
Flu is not spread to infants through breast milk. The flu is spread mainly from person-to-person via respiratory droplets when people cough, sneeze, or talk, or possibly, when a person touches a surface or object that has the flu virus on it and then touches their own mouth or nose.
A mother’s breast milk contains antibodies and other immunological factors that can help protect her infant from flu and is the recommended source of nutrition for the infant, even while the mother is ill.
If a mother is too sick to feed her infant at the breast and another healthy caregiver is caring for the infant, the breastfeeding mother should be encouraged and supported to regularly express her milk so that the infant continues to receive her breast milk.
Prior to expressing breast milk, mothers should wash their hands well with soap and water and, if using a pump, follow recommendations for proper cleaning.
Source: cdc.gov/breastfeeding
Flu is not spread to infants through breast milk. The flu is spread mainly from person-to-person via respiratory droplets when people cough, sneeze, or talk, or possibly, when a person touches a surface or object that has the flu virus on it and then touches their own mouth or nose.
A mother’s breast milk contains antibodies and other immunological factors that can help protect her infant from flu and is the recommended source of nutrition for the infant, even while the mother is ill.
If a mother is too sick to feed her infant at the breast and another healthy caregiver is caring for the infant, the breastfeeding mother should be encouraged and supported to regularly express her milk so that the infant continues to receive her breast milk.
Prior to expressing breast milk, mothers should wash their hands well with soap and water and, if using a pump, follow recommendations for proper cleaning.
Source: cdc.gov/breastfeeding
Dark matter
We are much more certain what dark matter is not than we are what it is.
First, it is dark, meaning that it is not in the form of stars and planets that we see. Observations show that there is far too little visible matter in the universe to make up the 27% required by the observations. (Theoretical model of the composition of the universe: ~68% dark energy, ~27% dark matter, ~5% normal matter)
Second, it is not in the form of dark clouds of normal matter, matter made up of particles called baryons. (Baryon is a composite subatomic particle) We know this because we would be able to detect baryonic clouds by their absorption of radiation passing through them.
Third, dark matter is not antimatter, because we do not see the unique gamma rays that are produced when antimatter annihilates (摧毀) with matter.
Finally, we can rule out large galaxy-sized black holes on the basis of how many gravitational lenses we see. High concentrations of matter bend light passing near them from objects further away, but we do not see enough lensing events to suggest that such objects to make up the required 25% dark matter contribution.
Source: science.nasa.gov
First, it is dark, meaning that it is not in the form of stars and planets that we see. Observations show that there is far too little visible matter in the universe to make up the 27% required by the observations. (Theoretical model of the composition of the universe: ~68% dark energy, ~27% dark matter, ~5% normal matter)
Second, it is not in the form of dark clouds of normal matter, matter made up of particles called baryons. (Baryon is a composite subatomic particle) We know this because we would be able to detect baryonic clouds by their absorption of radiation passing through them.
Third, dark matter is not antimatter, because we do not see the unique gamma rays that are produced when antimatter annihilates (摧毀) with matter.
Finally, we can rule out large galaxy-sized black holes on the basis of how many gravitational lenses we see. High concentrations of matter bend light passing near them from objects further away, but we do not see enough lensing events to suggest that such objects to make up the required 25% dark matter contribution.
Source: science.nasa.gov
內部事務
Journal Frank Ching stated in 1999, "China's promise not to interfere in Hong Kong's internal affairs is similar to a left-handed person promising only to use his right hand. The promise may very well be sincere but, in the absence of restraints, the left-handed person will sooner or later forget and, without even realizing it, start using his left hand."
The HKSAR government has also faced the problem of keeping Hong Kong economically competitive in a rapidly globalizing world and in the face of increased competition from mainland China, especially since China's entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001 has diminished Hong Kong's traditional position as a doorway to China.
Some scholars fault Chris Patten's last-minute reforms that, however well-intentioned (出於好意的), appointed a bureaucratic elite that was committed to promoting democracy but unable to handle Hong Kong's transition from colony to HKSAR.
...The HKSAR's new rulers have the unenviable (不值得羨慕的) challenge of satisfying not only the central government in Beijing but also the powerful business interests and the local population within Hong Kong, which, partly because of the changes in the years leading up to 1997, now expect and demand more of their government.
Carroll, J.M. (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
The HKSAR government has also faced the problem of keeping Hong Kong economically competitive in a rapidly globalizing world and in the face of increased competition from mainland China, especially since China's entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001 has diminished Hong Kong's traditional position as a doorway to China.
Some scholars fault Chris Patten's last-minute reforms that, however well-intentioned (出於好意的), appointed a bureaucratic elite that was committed to promoting democracy but unable to handle Hong Kong's transition from colony to HKSAR.
...The HKSAR's new rulers have the unenviable (不值得羨慕的) challenge of satisfying not only the central government in Beijing but also the powerful business interests and the local population within Hong Kong, which, partly because of the changes in the years leading up to 1997, now expect and demand more of their government.
Carroll, J.M. (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
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