Dark matter

We are much more certain what dark matter is not than we are what it is.

First, it is dark, meaning that it is not in the form of stars and planets that we see. Observations show that there is far too little visible matter in the universe to make up the 27% required by the observations. (Theoretical model of the composition of the universe: ~68% dark energy, ~27% dark matter, ~5% normal matter)

Second, it is not in the form of dark clouds of normal matter, matter made up of particles called baryons. (Baryon is a composite subatomic particle) We know this because we would be able to detect baryonic clouds by their absorption of radiation passing through them.

Third, dark matter is not antimatter, because we do not see the unique gamma rays that are produced when antimatter annihilates (摧毀) with matter.

Finally, we can rule out large galaxy-sized black holes on the basis of how many gravitational lenses we see. High concentrations of matter bend light passing near them from objects further away, but we do not see enough lensing events to suggest that such objects to make up the required 25% dark matter contribution.

Source: science.nasa.gov