2018年1月7日星期日
love with hurt
"The loves that may hurt the least are not the best loves. When we love, we accept the dangers of injury and loss." John Rawls, A Theory of Justice
Referred itch
About one person in four or five is conscious that scratching an irritation may produce an itch elsewhere. The sensation is well localised, comes and goes quickly, and recurs (occurs) when scratching is repeated a short while later. Scratch and referred itch are ipsilateral (belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body); scratching the site of the referred itch does not cause the original spot to itch. Scatching face, palms, or soles does not produce referred itching. Different people stimulated in the same region do not necessarily feel referred itch in the same place. The mechanism of the phenomenon is unknown, though it may be thalamic.
Br Med J 1976; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.6040.839
Why Do I Sometimes Scratch One Body Part and Feel It on Another?
Lots of people report feeling a sensation from a scratch in places far from where they’re scratching.
English clergyman (牧師)/scientist Stephen Hales first described the phenomenon in the 1730s, referring to it as “instances of the sympathy of the nerves.”
For most people, referred itch is just a weird annoyance. It doesn’t do any damage or have any ill effects, and so it doesn’t get a whole lot of research attention.
One idea is that referred itch is the product of our complex system of nerves being “rather irregularly distributed” throughout the body.
It could also be that the mix up isn’t in the nerves, but the brain.
Source: mentalfloss.com
Br Med J 1976; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.6040.839
Why Do I Sometimes Scratch One Body Part and Feel It on Another?
Lots of people report feeling a sensation from a scratch in places far from where they’re scratching.
English clergyman (牧師)/scientist Stephen Hales first described the phenomenon in the 1730s, referring to it as “instances of the sympathy of the nerves.”
For most people, referred itch is just a weird annoyance. It doesn’t do any damage or have any ill effects, and so it doesn’t get a whole lot of research attention.
One idea is that referred itch is the product of our complex system of nerves being “rather irregularly distributed” throughout the body.
It could also be that the mix up isn’t in the nerves, but the brain.
Source: mentalfloss.com
2018年1月2日星期二
個人意見
先不論廿三條是否屬於一條惡法，但按現時的政治氣候來看，是大勢所趨，本地立法只是遲早的事情。至於民間反抗力量有多大，會否重演零三年五十萬港人上街，令香港政府卻步，是未知之數。有了法律框架，中央會否以廿三條處理港獨問題，也許是言之過早。先不論筆者是否認同港獨，但實行時一定是會流血收場，相信大多數人都不會願意看到。在此，希望大家先看看廿三條的條文，再深思一下支持或反對的理據。
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central People's Government, or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organizations or bodies from conducting political activities in the Region, and to prohibit political organizations or bodies of the Region from establishing ties with foreign political organizations or bodies.
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central People's Government, or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organizations or bodies from conducting political activities in the Region, and to prohibit political organizations or bodies of the Region from establishing ties with foreign political organizations or bodies.
香港特別行政區應自行立法禁止任何叛國、分裂國家、煽動叛亂、顛覆中央人民政府及竊取國家機密的行為，禁止外國的政治性組織或團體在香港特別行政區進行政治活動，禁止香港特別行政區的政治性組織或團體與外國的政治性組織或團體建立聯繫。
2018年1月1日星期一
甲狀腺機能亢進
Graves’s Disease, the most common type of hyperthyroidism,
results from an excessive output of thyroid hormones caused by abnormal
stimulation of the thyroid gland by circulating immunoglobulins…
Patients with well-developed hyperthyroidism exhibit a characteristic group of signs and symptoms. The presenting symptom is often nervousness. These patients are often emotionally hyperexcitable, irritable, and apprehensive (憂慮的，恐懼的); they cannot sit quietly; they suffer from palpitations; and their pulse is abnormally rapid at rest as well as on exertion. They tolerate heat poorly and perspire (出汗) unusually freely. The skin is flushed continuously, with a characteristic salmon color, and is likely to be warm, soft, and moist…
Patients may exhibit bulging eyes, which produces a startled (吃驚的; 受驚的) facial expression…Other manifestations include an increased appetite and dietary intake, progressive weight loss, abnormal muscular fatigability and weakness, amenorrhea (for female), and changes in bowel function…
Blood pressure is elevated; atrial fibrillation may occur; and cardiac decompensation in the form of heart failure is common, especially elderly patients. Osteoporosis and fracture are also associated with hyperthyroidism…
The thyroid gland invariably is enlarged to some extent…
Appropriate treatment of hyperthyroidism depends on the underlying cause and often consists of a combination of therapies, including anti-thyroid agents, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Treatment of hyperthyroidism is directed toward reducing thyroid hyperactivity to relieve symptoms and preventing complications. Use of radioactive iodine is the most common form of treatment for Graves’ disease. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (e.g. propranolol) are used as adjunctive (附屬的) therapy for symptomatic relief, particularly in transient thyroiditis. Surgical removal of most of the thyroid gland is a non-pharmacologic alternative…
All three treatments share the same complications: relapse or recurrent hyperthyroidism and permanent hypothyroidism.
Patients with well-developed hyperthyroidism exhibit a characteristic group of signs and symptoms. The presenting symptom is often nervousness. These patients are often emotionally hyperexcitable, irritable, and apprehensive (憂慮的，恐懼的); they cannot sit quietly; they suffer from palpitations; and their pulse is abnormally rapid at rest as well as on exertion. They tolerate heat poorly and perspire (出汗) unusually freely. The skin is flushed continuously, with a characteristic salmon color, and is likely to be warm, soft, and moist…
Patients may exhibit bulging eyes, which produces a startled (吃驚的; 受驚的) facial expression…Other manifestations include an increased appetite and dietary intake, progressive weight loss, abnormal muscular fatigability and weakness, amenorrhea (for female), and changes in bowel function…
Blood pressure is elevated; atrial fibrillation may occur; and cardiac decompensation in the form of heart failure is common, especially elderly patients. Osteoporosis and fracture are also associated with hyperthyroidism…
The thyroid gland invariably is enlarged to some extent…
Appropriate treatment of hyperthyroidism depends on the underlying cause and often consists of a combination of therapies, including anti-thyroid agents, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Treatment of hyperthyroidism is directed toward reducing thyroid hyperactivity to relieve symptoms and preventing complications. Use of radioactive iodine is the most common form of treatment for Graves’ disease. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (e.g. propranolol) are used as adjunctive (附屬的) therapy for symptomatic relief, particularly in transient thyroiditis. Surgical removal of most of the thyroid gland is a non-pharmacologic alternative…
All three treatments share the same complications: relapse or recurrent hyperthyroidism and permanent hypothyroidism.
Smeltzer, S.C., & Bare, B.G.
(2008). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing.
Philadelphia, PA: LWW
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are a group of synthetic drugs used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions of the sympathetic nervous system. Stimulation by epinephrine of beta-adrenoreceptors, which are predominately found in cells of the heart and also are present in vascular and other smooth muscles, results in excitation of the sympathetic nervous system. Beta-blockers diminish reaction at the beta-adrenoreceptors, thereby preventing or decreasing excitation. The drugs are prescribed to control anxiety and hypertension and to treat a variety of cardiac conditions.
Modified from https://www.britannica.com/science/beta-blocker
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are a group of synthetic drugs used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions of the sympathetic nervous system. Stimulation by epinephrine of beta-adrenoreceptors, which are predominately found in cells of the heart and also are present in vascular and other smooth muscles, results in excitation of the sympathetic nervous system. Beta-blockers diminish reaction at the beta-adrenoreceptors, thereby preventing or decreasing excitation. The drugs are prescribed to control anxiety and hypertension and to treat a variety of cardiac conditions.
Modified from https://www.britannica.com/science/beta-blocker
There are several reasons why the thyroid
gland in a patient could be producing too much thyroid hormone, leading to
thyrotoxicosis. The most common condition to focus on here is called Graves’
disease. In this condition, the thyroid gland is stimulated by antibodies that
activate the receptor for TSH on the follicular cell of the thyroid. Therefore,
these TSH receptor-stimulating antibodies mimic (模仿) the action of TSH, but are distinct from authentic TSH from the
anterior pituitary gland. These thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) are
characteristic of an autoimmune disorder in which the patient makes antibodies
that bind to one or more proteins expressed in his or her own tissues.
Widmaier, E.P., & Raff, H. (2008). Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of
Body Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
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