Graves’s Disease, the most common type of hyperthyroidism,
results from an excessive output of thyroid hormones caused by abnormal
stimulation of the thyroid gland by circulating immunoglobulins…
Patients with well-developed hyperthyroidism exhibit a characteristic group of signs and symptoms. The presenting symptom is often nervousness. These patients are often emotionally hyperexcitable, irritable, and apprehensive (憂慮的，恐懼的); they cannot sit quietly; they suffer from palpitations; and their pulse is abnormally rapid at rest as well as on exertion. They tolerate heat poorly and perspire (出汗) unusually freely. The skin is flushed continuously, with a characteristic salmon color, and is likely to be warm, soft, and moist…
Patients may exhibit bulging eyes, which produces a startled (吃驚的; 受驚的) facial expression…Other manifestations include an increased appetite and dietary intake, progressive weight loss, abnormal muscular fatigability and weakness, amenorrhea (for female), and changes in bowel function…
Blood pressure is elevated; atrial fibrillation may occur; and cardiac decompensation in the form of heart failure is common, especially elderly patients. Osteoporosis and fracture are also associated with hyperthyroidism…
The thyroid gland invariably is enlarged to some extent…
Appropriate treatment of hyperthyroidism depends on the underlying cause and often consists of a combination of therapies, including anti-thyroid agents, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Treatment of hyperthyroidism is directed toward reducing thyroid hyperactivity to relieve symptoms and preventing complications. Use of radioactive iodine is the most common form of treatment for Graves’ disease. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (e.g. propranolol) are used as adjunctive (附屬的) therapy for symptomatic relief, particularly in transient thyroiditis. Surgical removal of most of the thyroid gland is a non-pharmacologic alternative…
All three treatments share the same complications: relapse or recurrent hyperthyroidism and permanent hypothyroidism.
Patients with well-developed hyperthyroidism exhibit a characteristic group of signs and symptoms. The presenting symptom is often nervousness. These patients are often emotionally hyperexcitable, irritable, and apprehensive (憂慮的，恐懼的); they cannot sit quietly; they suffer from palpitations; and their pulse is abnormally rapid at rest as well as on exertion. They tolerate heat poorly and perspire (出汗) unusually freely. The skin is flushed continuously, with a characteristic salmon color, and is likely to be warm, soft, and moist…
Patients may exhibit bulging eyes, which produces a startled (吃驚的; 受驚的) facial expression…Other manifestations include an increased appetite and dietary intake, progressive weight loss, abnormal muscular fatigability and weakness, amenorrhea (for female), and changes in bowel function…
Blood pressure is elevated; atrial fibrillation may occur; and cardiac decompensation in the form of heart failure is common, especially elderly patients. Osteoporosis and fracture are also associated with hyperthyroidism…
The thyroid gland invariably is enlarged to some extent…
Appropriate treatment of hyperthyroidism depends on the underlying cause and often consists of a combination of therapies, including anti-thyroid agents, radioactive iodine, and surgery. Treatment of hyperthyroidism is directed toward reducing thyroid hyperactivity to relieve symptoms and preventing complications. Use of radioactive iodine is the most common form of treatment for Graves’ disease. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents (e.g. propranolol) are used as adjunctive (附屬的) therapy for symptomatic relief, particularly in transient thyroiditis. Surgical removal of most of the thyroid gland is a non-pharmacologic alternative…
All three treatments share the same complications: relapse or recurrent hyperthyroidism and permanent hypothyroidism.
Smeltzer, S.C., & Bare, B.G.
(2008). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing.
Philadelphia, PA: LWW
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are a group of synthetic drugs used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions of the sympathetic nervous system. Stimulation by epinephrine of beta-adrenoreceptors, which are predominately found in cells of the heart and also are present in vascular and other smooth muscles, results in excitation of the sympathetic nervous system. Beta-blockers diminish reaction at the beta-adrenoreceptors, thereby preventing or decreasing excitation. The drugs are prescribed to control anxiety and hypertension and to treat a variety of cardiac conditions.
Modified from https://www.britannica.com/science/beta-blocker
Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are a group of synthetic drugs used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions of the sympathetic nervous system. Stimulation by epinephrine of beta-adrenoreceptors, which are predominately found in cells of the heart and also are present in vascular and other smooth muscles, results in excitation of the sympathetic nervous system. Beta-blockers diminish reaction at the beta-adrenoreceptors, thereby preventing or decreasing excitation. The drugs are prescribed to control anxiety and hypertension and to treat a variety of cardiac conditions.
Modified from https://www.britannica.com/science/beta-blocker
There are several reasons why the thyroid
gland in a patient could be producing too much thyroid hormone, leading to
thyrotoxicosis. The most common condition to focus on here is called Graves’
disease. In this condition, the thyroid gland is stimulated by antibodies that
activate the receptor for TSH on the follicular cell of the thyroid. Therefore,
these TSH receptor-stimulating antibodies mimic (模仿) the action of TSH, but are distinct from authentic TSH from the
anterior pituitary gland. These thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) are
characteristic of an autoimmune disorder in which the patient makes antibodies
that bind to one or more proteins expressed in his or her own tissues.
Widmaier, E.P., & Raff, H. (2008). Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of
Body Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
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