陶器文化

大汶口文化是中國新石器時代晚期的重要考古文化，約公元前4300年至前2500年，核心分布在山東泰安大汶口一帶，後續演變為龍山文化。它以精美陶器、特殊葬俗和早期文字刻畫符號聞名，被視為中國東部文明的重要源頭。

Microsoft Copilot

相信，變成所見

The Reticular Activating System (RAS) is a diffuse network of neurons in the brainstem that acts as the brain’s “gatekeeper,” regulating wakefulness, attention, and consciousness by filtering sensory input and prioritizing what reaches the cortex. It is central to the sleep–wake cycle, arousal, and focus, and dysfunction can lead to disorders of awareness such as coma, ADHD, or sleep disturbances.

shuffle: to move about, back and forth, or from one place to another

Hackney, London: It’s a borough in East London, known for its vibrant arts scene, diverse communities, and trendy areas like Shoreditch and Dalston. Historically, Hackney was working-class, but in recent decades it’s become a hub for creatives, with lots of independent shops, street art, and nightlife.

quirk: an aspect of somebody’s personality or behavior that is a little strange

fart: to let air from the bowels come out through the anus, especially when it happens loudly

unfaithful: having sex with somebody who is not your husband, wife or usual partner

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction or expectation that comes true simply because you believe it will and act in ways to make it happen.

sketchy: that people consider to be dishonest or bad

Confirmation bias is the psychological tendency to favor, interpret, and recall information that supports one’s existing beliefs while ignoring or undervaluing contradictory evidence.

unbeknown: without the knowledge of (someone)

hunched: bending the top part of your body forward and raising your shoulders and back

snowball: if a problem, a plan, an activity, etc. snowballs, it quickly becomes much bigger, more serious, more important, etc.

awkward: difficult to deal with

conspire: to secretly plan with other people to do something illegal or harmful

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a structured, short-term psychotherapy that helps people identify and change unhelpful thought patterns and behaviors, making it one of the most effective treatments for conditions like anxiety, depression, PTSD, and insomnia.

A knock-on effect is an indirect chain reaction where one event or action causes a series of other events to happen sequentially.

dictate: to control or influence how something happens

manifestation: an event, action or thing that is a sign that something exists or is happening

steering wheel: the wheel that the driver turns to control the direction that a vehicle goes in

Change the narrative and try to find proof that the world is, in fact, conspiring with you, not against you, to make you happy and help you get everything you want.

心理層面：這句話鼓勵採用成長型思維，尋找正向證據，以改變情緒與行為反應。

成長型思維是指相信人的能力與智力可以透過持續的努力、學習和良好策略而不斷提升的心態。在認知心理學中，正向佐證指的是人們傾向去尋找「符合自己既有信念、假設或預期」的證據。

實務步驟：列出近期支持你、幫助你的事件；刻意記錄小成功；遇到困難時問自己「這件事如何可能在幫助我？」以尋找有利解釋。

注意事項：不是盲目樂觀或否認問題，而是平衡地尋找能促進行動與希望的證據，同時保留現實檢驗的態度。

Nicole Vignola "Rewire"

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

Explained by Microsoft Copilot and Google Gemini

陶瓷術語十二

附加堆紋是考古學中描述陶器裝飾的術語：製陶時把一條或多條黏土（泥條）直接貼附、堆塑在陶器表面，形成凸起的紋飾，例如環帶、波浪、繩索狀或幾何圖案。它與刻劃、壓印不同，因為紋樣是「加上去的立體泥料」，而非在陶坯表面刻或壓出來。

Perplexity.ai

陶瓷術語十一

「溜肩」 是陶器器形描述中的一個術語，主要用來形容器物肩部的線條特徵。

溜肩：指器物肩部線條平緩下滑，由頸部過渡到腹部時呈斜坡狀，不是突兀的折角。

與「折肩」相比，溜肩的過渡更柔和，曲線自然。

Microsoft Copilot

陶瓷文化

馬家窯文化是中國西北地區新石器時代晚期的重要考古文化，約公元前3300年至前2000年，核心分布在甘肅臨洮、青海東部與四川北部，以精美的彩陶聞名，被視為中國史前陶藝的高峰。

Microsoft Copilot

陶瓷術語十

「缽圓唇外捲」 是陶器器形的一種複合描述，主要涉及口沿的造型特徵。

缽：指敞口、深腹的器物，常用於盛食或調和。

圓唇：口沿呈圓滑厚實的形態，邊緣不尖銳。

外捲：口沿向外翻捲，形成外展的弧度。

整體來看，「缽圓唇外捲」就是一種 口沿圓厚並向外翻展的缽形器物。

Microsoft Copilot

Inheritance in Python

In Python, __init__ is a special method inside classes, often called the constructor. It runs automatically whenever you create a new object (instance) from that class. Its main job is to initialize attributes and set up the object’s starting state.

In Python, f'...' refers to an f-string (formatted string literal). It’s a concise way to embed variables or expressions directly inside a string using curly braces {}.

name = "Alice"

age = 25

print(f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.")

# Output: My name is Alice and I am 25 years old.

self

• Definition: A conventional name for the first parameter of instance methods in Python.

• Property: Refers to the current object instance that the method is being called on.

• Purpose: Allows access to instance attributes and other methods within the same object.

• Note: You could technically name it anything, but self is the universally accepted convention for readability.

Example:

class Dog: def __init__(self, name): self.name = name # 'self' points to the new Dog object

Here, self ensures that each Dog object stores its own name.

name

• Definition: In your class, name is an instance attribute.

• Property: A variable tied to a specific object, not shared across all objects.

• Purpose: Stores the dog’s name, unique to each instance.

• Access: Always referenced through self.name inside the class, and via object.name outside.

Example:

dog1 = Dog("Rover")

dog2 = Dog("Buddy")

print(dog1.name)  # Rover

print(dog2.name)  # Buddy

Each object has its own name value, even though both belong to the same class.

self is the handle to the object itself. name is the data stored inside that object. Together, they let each Dog carry its own identity while sharing the same class blueprint.

Inheritance in Python allows a class (child/subclass) to reuse attributes and methods from another class (parent/superclass), promoting code reusability and enabling method overriding. It’s a cornerstone of object-oriented programming, and in Python it’s implemented simply by listing the parent class in parentheses when defining the child class.

class Animal:

    def __init__(self, name):

        self.name = name

    def info(self):

        print("Animal name:", self.name)

class Dog(Animal):   # Dog inherits from Animal

    def sound(self):

        print(self.name, "barks")

d = Dog("Buddy")

d.info()   # Inherited from Animal

d.sound()  # Defined in Dog

Overriding and Extending

class Dog(Animal):

    def __init__(self, name, breed):

        super().__init__(name)   # call parent constructor

        self.breed = breed

    def info(self):

        # override and extend parent method

        super().info()

        print(self.name, "is a", self.breed)

dog = Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever")

dog.info()

super() function: Used to call parent methods (commonly in __init__) to ensure proper initialization.

1. Inheritance

• class Dog(Animal): → Dog inherits from Animal.

• This means Dog automatically gets all attributes and methods defined in Animal unless overridden.

2. Constructor (__init__)

• super().__init__(name) → calls the parent (Animal) constructor to initialize self.name.

• self.breed = breed → adds a new attribute specific to Dog.

So each Dog object has both name (from Animal) and breed (added in Dog).

3. Method Overriding

• info() in Dog overrides info() from Animal.

• Inside, it first calls super().info() → runs the parent’s version (prints the name).

• Then it extends the behavior by printing the breed.

Microsoft Copilot