由於風扇可隨意移動及可調校較廣的吹送風向角度，故能有效覆蓋冷氣機因須固定安裝而未能完全兼顧的空間角落。同時使用冷氣機與風扇，可將冷氣機的涼風有效地均勻吹送至房間每一角落，不但增加涼快效果，亦較省電，所以在調低冷氣機溫度前應先試以風扇配合使用。
(www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk/tc/faq/others.html)
2015年9月28日星期一
2015年9月27日星期日
素食減低碳足跡的原因
「如果我們注意農業的碳排總量，基本上是來自畜牧業產品......(畜牧業的溫室氣體排放是總量的18%)......來自畜牧業產品溫室氣體的碳排比例，大部份是因森林砍伐及沙漠化......然後是肥料，不論直接或間接，因為...大部份的糧食被用來餵養動物，而這些動物是養來吃的; 來笆動物腸內發酵的氣體也很多」
(vegannewlife.org/earthsos/earth04.php)
「畜牧業需要大量土地，占全球陸地近三成; 全球有近一半穀物及大豆因作為畜牧飼而消耗，而種飼料的土地占全球可耕地的33%」
(http://ese.org.hk/wenwei/?p=1067)
vocabulary
汙染者 = 污染者?
病入膏肓
睿智
病入膏肓
睿智
聰明睿智: 指聰穎明智
(tw.18dao.net)
竊取
證據確鑿
鋃鐺入獄
拔擢 (昨)
拔擢人才：提拔、升用有才能學識的人。
(yahoo)
定讞 (現)
定案；定罪（讞：議罪）
(baike.baidu.com)
2015年9月25日星期五
Calorie calculation
每跑步半小時可消耗200至250卡路里，相等於四分一個傳統月餅份量。
(on.cc)
雖然 basal metabolic rate 應該不用計算，
但 absorption rate, energy for digestion 又怎計呢?
而且身體所儲存的 energy of fuel 會否100%轉化為
muscular contraction energy consumption
[energy for acceleration at the beginning，
[energy for acceleration at the beginning，
energy needed for overcoming friction (main)，
energy for deceleration in the end] 以及
heat loss and sweating
Architecture of CUHK
依山而建的香港中文大學校園
29/1/2015
吳啟聰
中大校園依山而建，面向吐露港，遠眺八仙嶺，青山綠水，詩意宜人。馬料水原址為船灣淡水湖大壩所用的花岡岩採石場。大學的校園布局由司徒惠建築工程師事務所規劃，按山勢把主體建築分布在數個大台階上。司徒惠雖是工程師，但愛好藝術和攝影。中大校內的大學行政樓、中國文化研究所、圖書館、科學館、新亞書院及聯合書院校園等都是他的創作。司徒惠的設計簡樸雄渾，重比例和細節，清水混凝土的體量強烈，凸顯建築的紋理和空間，秉承現代主義後期之風。
29/1/2015
吳啟聰
中大校園依山而建，面向吐露港，遠眺八仙嶺，青山綠水，詩意宜人。馬料水原址為船灣淡水湖大壩所用的花岡岩採石場。大學的校園布局由司徒惠建築工程師事務所規劃，按山勢把主體建築分布在數個大台階上。司徒惠雖是工程師，但愛好藝術和攝影。中大校內的大學行政樓、中國文化研究所、圖書館、科學館、新亞書院及聯合書院校園等都是他的創作。司徒惠的設計簡樸雄渾，重比例和細節，清水混凝土的體量強烈，凸顯建築的紋理和空間，秉承現代主義後期之風。
2015年9月24日星期四
廣深港高鐵
i-cable
22/9/2015
高鐵工程超支或需叫停部份工程
高鐵工程嚴重超支，款項政府和港鐵如何攤分?由誰負責?政府仍與港鐵商討，未有答案，而工程原本的撥款已所剩無幾，已經開始動用應急費用，如果未獲增加撥款，部份承建商可能會在明年停工。
肯定超支的廣深港高鐵，單是鐵路工程部份，截至今年六月底，累計開支已經達到四百六十七億多元，首次超出批出了的合約金額，超出的十五億多元從何而來?
立法會議員田北辰相信已經開始動用為整個項目預留的五十四億元應急費用，假如政府遲遲未追加撥款，部份工程隨時在明年要停工。
除了銀彈將盡，承建商的索償亦是另一個隱憂，未解決的申索金額，由去年約一百億元，上升至今年年中的一百七十四億元，當中四成來自西九龍總站工程，但至今只發放了十三億多元。
運輸及房屋局就指整個高鐵香港段項目委託費用是六百五十億元，至今尚未用完，但當中鐵路工程的五百多億元及非鐵路工程一百多億元，還有應急費用各自剩下多少，局方以避免影響申索為由不願意透露。
港鐵就重申六百五十億元一年之內就會花光，而目前所有承建商仍按合約施工。高鐵超支的款項，政府及港鐵至今仍在商討如何分擔，但田北辰相信只要「一地兩檢」的問題還未解決，政府都很難得到立法會批出任何追加撥款。
22/9/2015
高鐵工程超支或需叫停部份工程
高鐵工程嚴重超支，款項政府和港鐵如何攤分?由誰負責?政府仍與港鐵商討，未有答案，而工程原本的撥款已所剩無幾，已經開始動用應急費用，如果未獲增加撥款，部份承建商可能會在明年停工。
肯定超支的廣深港高鐵，單是鐵路工程部份，截至今年六月底，累計開支已經達到四百六十七億多元，首次超出批出了的合約金額，超出的十五億多元從何而來?
立法會議員田北辰相信已經開始動用為整個項目預留的五十四億元應急費用，假如政府遲遲未追加撥款，部份工程隨時在明年要停工。
除了銀彈將盡，承建商的索償亦是另一個隱憂，未解決的申索金額，由去年約一百億元，上升至今年年中的一百七十四億元，當中四成來自西九龍總站工程，但至今只發放了十三億多元。
運輸及房屋局就指整個高鐵香港段項目委託費用是六百五十億元，至今尚未用完，但當中鐵路工程的五百多億元及非鐵路工程一百多億元，還有應急費用各自剩下多少，局方以避免影響申索為由不願意透露。
港鐵就重申六百五十億元一年之內就會花光，而目前所有承建商仍按合約施工。高鐵超支的款項，政府及港鐵至今仍在商討如何分擔，但田北辰相信只要「一地兩檢」的問題還未解決，政府都很難得到立法會批出任何追加撥款。
2015年9月22日星期二
Underwriting Officer
underwriting and claims 都是要有相當經驗及專業才可以擔任的，underwriter是核保要把關，接受投保與否，保費多少，風險多少也要清楚熟識，claims亦是要專業，索償合理否，有否開大數等，此兩職位在保險公司內是很重要的職位，公司賺錢否也要靠他們的經驗
(Modified from hk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080119000051KK00649)
(Modified from hk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080119000051KK00649)
超然~區家麟
風起幡動
區家麟
22-9-2015
超然
「三權分立」之爭，事到如今，可以總結幾句。
附和張曉明一方，與批評他的泛民，基本上都同意︰三權是互有制衡的，特首是受法律約束的，司法是獨立的，體制是行政較為主導的。
那麼，爭論甚麼?
來來去去，中央大員恨之入骨，就是三權分立之「分立」二字; 本來三權互相監督制衡與三權「分立」，字眼上的分別沒甚麼大不了，但「分立」予人的印象是，行政長官與立法、司法平起平坐，不夠超然; 中央大員認為，特首代表特區，要向中央負責，也是中央管香港的「抓手」，特首若只是被「分立」了的一權，代表中央的權威不受重視。
試想想，若然時光倒流 30 年，香港前途還在談判時，中央官員三天兩夜喊一遍「香港不實行三權分立」、「中央擁有全面管治權」、「特首超然於三權之上，有特殊法律地位」，香港人還願意回歸嗎?
常聞「國家尊嚴」，要「尊重中央權力」。
一個國家的尊嚴，不在乎你抓多少權，而在乎你放多少權; 也不在乎人民是否尊重權力，而在權力是否尊重人民。
如果有足夠的自信，真正為民請命者，才不怕三權分立，也不怕受制衡、受監督; 更不會自命清高超然，自以為半神半人，卻落得一個人鬼難辨。
區家麟
22-9-2015
超然
「三權分立」之爭，事到如今，可以總結幾句。
附和張曉明一方，與批評他的泛民，基本上都同意︰三權是互有制衡的，特首是受法律約束的，司法是獨立的，體制是行政較為主導的。
那麼，爭論甚麼?
來來去去，中央大員恨之入骨，就是三權分立之「分立」二字; 本來三權互相監督制衡與三權「分立」，字眼上的分別沒甚麼大不了，但「分立」予人的印象是，行政長官與立法、司法平起平坐，不夠超然; 中央大員認為，特首代表特區，要向中央負責，也是中央管香港的「抓手」，特首若只是被「分立」了的一權，代表中央的權威不受重視。
試想想，若然時光倒流 30 年，香港前途還在談判時，中央官員三天兩夜喊一遍「香港不實行三權分立」、「中央擁有全面管治權」、「特首超然於三權之上，有特殊法律地位」，香港人還願意回歸嗎?
常聞「國家尊嚴」，要「尊重中央權力」。
一個國家的尊嚴，不在乎你抓多少權，而在乎你放多少權; 也不在乎人民是否尊重權力，而在權力是否尊重人民。
如果有足夠的自信，真正為民請命者，才不怕三權分立，也不怕受制衡、受監督; 更不會自命清高超然，自以為半神半人，卻落得一個人鬼難辨。
2015年9月19日星期六
噘唇呼吸法與腹式呼吸
噘唇呼吸法 (pursed lip breathing)
緩慢地從鼻孔深深吸氣
從皺起的嘴唇緩慢呼氣
(Chinese version from Hong Kong Association of Gerontology)
Simple breathing meditation
緩慢地從鼻孔深深吸氣
從皺起的嘴唇緩慢呼氣
(Chinese version from Hong Kong Association of Gerontology)
To do pursed lip breathing: Relax your neck
and shoulder muscles. Breathe in for two seconds through your nose, keeping
your mouth closed. Breathe out for four seconds through pursed lips. If this is
too long for you, simply breathe out twice as long as you breathe in.
(source: www.webmd.com)
腹式呼吸是讓橫膈膜上下移動。由於吸氣時橫膈膜會下降，把臟器擠到下方，因此肚子會膨脹，而非胸部膨脹。因此，吐氣時橫膈膜將會比平常上升，因而可以進行深度呼吸。
(baike.baidu.com)
Diaphragmatic breathing is breathing that
is done by contracting the diaphragm, a muscle located horizontally between the
chest cavity and stomach cavity. Air enters the lungs and the belly expands
during this type of breathing.
(source: en.wikipedia.org)
鍛鍊橫膈膜呼吸時,宜以鼻呼吸,切忌以口吸氣。鼻腔溫暖、濕潤,專責過濾空氣,令進入氣管的空氣溫度適中、濕潤和較清潔,減低對氣管的刺激。
Simple breathing meditation
眼觀鼻、鼻觀心
2015年9月16日星期三
vocabulary
表膚白晰 (惜)
蕨菜 (決)
安全無虞 (如)
出糗
拄柺杖 (主)
蕨菜 (決)
安全無虞 (如)
出糗
拄柺杖 (主)
“自詡”是“自我吹噓”的意思。 (許)
(culture.people.com.cn)
侃侃而談 (罕)
理直氣壯、從容不迫地說話。
(tw.18dao.net)
持份者，或稱作「利益相關者」（英文為「stakeholder」），指於某公司或機構中擁有利益的人的一個廣泛形容。(Wikipedia.org)
纏身
暱稱
纏身
暱稱
語言的藩籬
藩籬: 籬笆。比喻門戶或屏障。
(www.wuyoufanwen.com)
伺候
翹首企盼 (橋)
翹，抬起。企，踮起（腳後跟）。仰起頭，踮起腳。形容盼望殷切。
(www.baike.com)
潸然淚下
指眼淚不由自主地流下來，多在無法控制情緒時發生。
(baike.baidu.com)
步履蹣跚 (門)
步履蹣跚 (門)
2015年9月13日星期日
路政署的工作
路政署興建了不少高標準的公路幹線、跨海大橋、穿山隧道，方便交通來往。
入夜之後，當大家都在家中休息，一班路政署的員工繼續堅守崗位。
他們會進行道路修葺工程、保養行車路面、清洗道路設施和路燈。
除此以外，還有專業團隊定期監察橋樑的結構狀況、路面和路邊斜坡狀況等，確保道路安全、可
靠。
除了維修工作，路政署也負責協調和管制道路上的公用設施，例如電線、煤氣等的挖掘工程。
通過電腦化的管理系統和挖掘准許證制度，路政署確保這些挖路工程有系統地進行，以減低對道
路使用者造成的不便。
當遇到風暴吹襲，路政署的緊急事故控制中心便會即時投入運作，以處理道路的緊急事故，保障
公眾安全，減低道路受阻對使用者的影響。
除了鋪設路磚外，路政署也進行了一系列的街道美化和綠化工程，包括美化行人專用區、單車徑、
欄杆，配置特色的路燈等等。
路政署也配合政府優化本地海濱的規劃，參與活化海濱的工作，為市民提供舒適的休憩空間。
不說不知道，原來路政署在實施新鐵路項目和規劃未來的鐵路擴展方面，一直承擔推動和監察的
角色。
路政署負責有關港珠澳大橋和相關道路基建項目的規劃及實施。
將來大橋建成之後，更可以經屯門至赤鱲角連接路和屯門西繞道，連接港深西部公路和深圳灣公
路大橋，形成一個連接香港、澳門、珠海和深圳的策略性交通網絡。
2015年9月12日星期六
生字II
馬廄
完美無瑕
完美無瑕
倘佯
安閒自在的四處走動
(http://stroke-order.learningweb.moe.edu.tw)
小憩 (氣)
顫抖 (箭)
哀慟 (動)
棄如敝屣 (徙)
像扔破鞋一樣扔掉
(tw.18dao.net)
磨蹭
輕微地摩擦
(xh.5156edu.com)
高瞻遠矚
瞻：視，望；矚：注視。站得高，
(tw.18dao.net)
吆喝
大聲喊叫或叫賣
(baike.baidu.com)
一幀
蜷縮 (拳)
戲謔 (若)
意思是用詼諧有趣的話開玩笑
(baike.baidu.com)
滿溢 (日)
藍調是一種基於五聲音階的聲樂和樂器音樂，它的另一個特點是其特殊的和聲。
(wikipedia)
為爵士、搖滾及福音歌曲的老祖宗，原本只是美國早期黑奴抒發心情時所吟唱的12小節曲式
(baike.baidu.com)
饕客 (滔)
包浩斯 Bauhaus
心情晦暗 (悔)
侮辱(母)
後悔
教誨
攀談
閒談; 交談
(cidian.xpcha.com)
歷久彌新
經過長久的時間，不但沒有衰敗、陳舊，
(icelove520.pixnet.net)
自我耽溺
耽溺: 沉溺入迷
(mypaper.pchome.com.tw)
糾葛
糾，為三股紗線所合成的繩子，有纏繞之意；葛，為藤本植物，莖皮似麻富含纖維素纖維，可織布。 “糾葛”合在一起意味纏繞不清。
(baike.baidu.com)
稍縱即逝
縱：放；逝：消失。稍微一放鬆就消失了。形容時間或機會等很容易過去。
(tw.18dao.net)
饒富意義
拋錨
蹉跎
縈繞 (仍)
神祇 (子)
驕矜自滿
桎梏
中國古代的刑具，在足曰桎，在手曰梏，類似於現代的手銬、腳鐐。引申為束縛、壓制之意。
(baike.baidu.com)
綠意盎然
濫觴
水流發源的地方。因其水量非常淺小，而僅能浮起一個酒杯，故稱為「濫觴」
比喻事物的開端、起源。
(http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw)
蒔花弄草 (時)
處方箋
顛簸
上下振動：路面不平，車子顛簸得厲害
(xh.5156edu.com)
鐵幕
趨之若鶩 (冒)
趨之若鶩是個成語，本義是像鴨子一樣成群成群跑過去。比喻許多人爭著去追逐某些事物
(baike.baidu.com)
2015年9月11日星期五
2015年9月9日星期三
路政署見習技術主任(土木工程)的職責
見習技術主任(土木工程)在三年受訓期內主要被派往接受培訓，其中包括以下範疇的在職培訓；如部門認為有需要，亦會安排人員修讀全日制或兼讀課程
(a) 製備各類土木工程圖則、圖表及簡圖；
(b) 進行簡單工程計算及間中執行工地職務；以及
(c) 協助簡單電腦操作及提供電腦技術支援。
(a) 製備各類土木工程圖則、圖表及簡圖；
(b) 進行簡單工程計算及間中執行工地職務；以及
(c) 協助簡單電腦操作及提供電腦技術支援。
Quantitative research II
Research question
Population
Intervention
Control
Outcomes
Structured data collection methods
Structured self-report
Structured observation
Biophysiologic measure
Closed-ended questions
Dichotomous questions
Multiple-choice questions
Cafeteria questions
- Ask respondents to select a statement best representing their view
Rank-order questions
Forced-choice questions
- Respondents choose between two alternative statements that represent polar positions or characteristics
Scaling technique
Likert scale
- Response choices commonly address agreement (strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree), evaluation (excellent, good, satisfactory, unsatisfactory, poor), frequency (almost never, occasionally, usually, almost always)
Semantic differential scale
- Respondents rate a concept on a series of bipolar adjectives
- Higher score usually represents positively worded adjective
Visual analogue scale
- Used to measure subjective experiences (e.g. pain, stress, anxiety)
Social desirability bias
- Tendency of respondents to give an answer that are congruent with prevailing social norm desirability
Extreme response bias
- A tendency to consistently express attitudes or feelings in extreme response alternatives / middle-range alternatives, which might not really reflect the actual intensity
Acquiescence response set bias
- A tendency to agree or disagree with all statements, regardless of the content
Biophysiologic measures
- in vivo measures (within or on living organisms)
- in vitro measures (involves extracting physiologic material from subject and submitting it for laboratory analysis)
Population
Intervention
Control
Outcomes
Structured data collection methods
Structured self-report
Structured observation
Biophysiologic measure
Closed-ended questions
Dichotomous questions
Multiple-choice questions
Cafeteria questions
- Ask respondents to select a statement best representing their view
Rank-order questions
Forced-choice questions
- Respondents choose between two alternative statements that represent polar positions or characteristics
Scaling technique
Likert scale
- Response choices commonly address agreement (strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree), evaluation (excellent, good, satisfactory, unsatisfactory, poor), frequency (almost never, occasionally, usually, almost always)
Semantic differential scale
- Respondents rate a concept on a series of bipolar adjectives
- Higher score usually represents positively worded adjective
Visual analogue scale
- Used to measure subjective experiences (e.g. pain, stress, anxiety)
Social desirability bias
- Tendency of respondents to give an answer that are congruent with prevailing social norm desirability
Extreme response bias
- A tendency to consistently express attitudes or feelings in extreme response alternatives / middle-range alternatives, which might not really reflect the actual intensity
Acquiescence response set bias
- A tendency to agree or disagree with all statements, regardless of the content
Biophysiologic measures
- in vivo measures (within or on living organisms)
- in vitro measures (involves extracting physiologic material from subject and submitting it for laboratory analysis)
2015年9月8日星期二
Revision of quantitative research
Positivist
Quantitative methodology
Deductive reasoning
Make prediction from a general principle
A researcher try to address a problem of interest by extrapolating the implication of a theory or conceptual framework
Develop a hypothesis and test it by collecting evidence in real life
Concepts
Research involves abstractions, e.g. the terms pain, anxiety, and quality of life are all abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior and characteristics
These abstractions are called concepts
Construct are abstractions that are deliberately and systematically constructed by researchers for a scientific purpose, e.g. self-care, health locus of control, etc. The terms construct and concept are sometimes used interchangeably, although by convention, a construct often refers to a more complex abstraction than a concept
Study variable is a well defined and measurable form of concept to be studied in a research
Conceptualization (conceptual definition)
A process of defining or refining an abstract ideas
By generalizing about particular manifestations of human behavior and characteristics
Operationalization (operational definition)
Specifies the procedures and tools required for measurement of a concept
Theory
An abstract generalization that presents a systematic explanation about how phenomena (concepts?) are interrelated
Consists of:
A set of interrelated concepts
A set of propositions that systematically explain the relationships of the concepts
Framework
An explanation, based on the literature, of how the variables in your study are expected to related to each other and why
Theoretical framework underpins (supports) the relationship between study variables with a theory
Conceptual framework underpins the relationship between study variables, with information from literature, but not a theory
Independent variable
The variable that is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable
In experimental research, independent variable is a variable which the researcher manipulates
Dependent variable
The variable that depends on or be caused by independent variable
Cause-and-effect (causal) relationship
One variable caused the other
Functional (associative) relationship
One variable changes values in relation to changes in the other variable
Experimental hypothesis
Statement of expected relationships between the independent and dependent variables
Null hypothesis
Hypothesis which state that there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables
For the purpose of statistical testing and for interpreting statistical outcomes
Manipulation
Researcher does something to some subjects, e.g. introduces an intervention or treatment
Randomization
Also called random assignment
Researcher assigns participants to groups at random
Control
No intervention
Alternative intervention
Usual care
Placebo
Experimental (randomized controlled trial)
Manipulation of independent variable
Control group
Randomization
Quasi-experimental
Manipulation of independent variable
May not have control group or randomization
Non-experimental
No manipulation of independent variable
Data collection frequency
Cross-sectional: data are collected at one point in time
Longitudinal: data are collected at two or more points in time over an extended period
Retrospective
Study begins with dependent variable and looks backward for cause or influence
Prospective
Study begins with independent variable and looks forward for the effect
Non-experimental designs
Correlational (ex post facto ~ from after the fact) designs
- Prospective designs (Cohort studies)
- Retrospective designs
Descriptive designs
Generalizability
It relates to the extent that the results can be applied to other groups of people who are outside the study sample
Sample / Accessible population / Target population
Stratified random sampling
Process of selecting a sample to identify subgroups in the population that represented in the sample at random
(Proportionate / Disproportionate)
e.g. RN ~ Baccalaureate graduates / Diploma school graduates
Cluster (Multistage) sampling
A successive random sampling of units (clusters) from large to small which meet sample eligibility criteria
Systematic sampling
The process of selecting every kth case from the list
Convenience sampling
Subjects are chosen on the basis of availability
Consecutive sampling
Taking the complete accessible population within a defined period of time in the study
Snowball sampling
Relies on early sample subjects to refer others who meet the study eligibility criteria, to participate in the study
Quota sampling
Identify population strata of the population and then determine how many subjects are needed for each stratum to meet a quota according to the subjects' availability
Reliability
The consistency and accuracy with which an instrument measures the attribute
Validity
The degree to which an instrument measures what is supposed to be measuring
Statistical significance is a term that indicated the results obtained in a research study are unlikely caused by chance
Type I error
Wrongly rejecting a true null hypothesis
Type II error
Wrongly accepting a false null hypothesis
Crossover design
The exposure of the same subjects to more than one experimental treatment
Blocking / Stratification
Identify the possible confounding / extraneous variable, e.g. gender
Factorial design
Manipulate two or more independent variables simultaneously
External validity
The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized from the study sample to the larger population
Internal validity
The extent to which the change in the dependent variable (outcome) is truly due to the influence of independent variable, but not the other factors
History threat
The change in dependent variable is due to the occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable
When external events affect one group more than another
Selection threat
The study result is due to the pre-existing differences between study groups before the manipulation on the independent variables (lack of randomization)
Maturation threat
The change in the dependent variable is due to any kind of change that occur as a result of time, but not only related to the independent variable
Attrition is not at random -> mortality threat
Hawthorne effect
Subjects respond in a certain manner because they are aware that they are being observed
Experimenter effect
Occur when the researcher characteristic or behavior influence subjects response to treatment / a questionnaire
Double-blind technique
A technique in which the subjects, the researcher who administer the interventions, or the data collector, are unaware of which subjects are assigned to the experimental and control group
Measurement effect
When a pretest and posttest are used, measurement effect occurs when subjects have been sensitized to the treatment through taking the pretest
Systematic reviews
The use of a rigorous method to summarize the findings of all methodologically sound studies that address the same research question
Meta-analysis
Statistically combining the data produced by individual studies
The odd ratio is a way of comparing whether the probability of a certain event is the same for two groups
Evidence-based nursing
The process by which nurses make clinical decisions using the best available evidence, their clinical expertise and patient's preferences
Quantitative methodology
Deductive reasoning
Make prediction from a general principle
A researcher try to address a problem of interest by extrapolating the implication of a theory or conceptual framework
Develop a hypothesis and test it by collecting evidence in real life
Concepts
Research involves abstractions, e.g. the terms pain, anxiety, and quality of life are all abstractions of particular aspects of human behavior and characteristics
These abstractions are called concepts
Construct are abstractions that are deliberately and systematically constructed by researchers for a scientific purpose, e.g. self-care, health locus of control, etc. The terms construct and concept are sometimes used interchangeably, although by convention, a construct often refers to a more complex abstraction than a concept
Study variable is a well defined and measurable form of concept to be studied in a research
Conceptualization (conceptual definition)
A process of defining or refining an abstract ideas
By generalizing about particular manifestations of human behavior and characteristics
Operationalization (operational definition)
Specifies the procedures and tools required for measurement of a concept
Theory
An abstract generalization that presents a systematic explanation about how phenomena (concepts?) are interrelated
Consists of:
A set of interrelated concepts
A set of propositions that systematically explain the relationships of the concepts
Framework
An explanation, based on the literature, of how the variables in your study are expected to related to each other and why
Theoretical framework underpins (supports) the relationship between study variables with a theory
Conceptual framework underpins the relationship between study variables, with information from literature, but not a theory
Independent variable
The variable that is believed to cause or influence the dependent variable
In experimental research, independent variable is a variable which the researcher manipulates
Dependent variable
The variable that depends on or be caused by independent variable
Cause-and-effect (causal) relationship
One variable caused the other
Functional (associative) relationship
One variable changes values in relation to changes in the other variable
Experimental hypothesis
Statement of expected relationships between the independent and dependent variables
Null hypothesis
Hypothesis which state that there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables
For the purpose of statistical testing and for interpreting statistical outcomes
Manipulation
Researcher does something to some subjects, e.g. introduces an intervention or treatment
Randomization
Also called random assignment
Researcher assigns participants to groups at random
Control
No intervention
Alternative intervention
Usual care
Placebo
Experimental (randomized controlled trial)
Manipulation of independent variable
Control group
Randomization
Quasi-experimental
Manipulation of independent variable
May not have control group or randomization
Non-experimental
No manipulation of independent variable
Data collection frequency
Cross-sectional: data are collected at one point in time
Longitudinal: data are collected at two or more points in time over an extended period
Retrospective
Study begins with dependent variable and looks backward for cause or influence
Prospective
Study begins with independent variable and looks forward for the effect
Non-experimental designs
Correlational (ex post facto ~ from after the fact) designs
- Prospective designs (Cohort studies)
- Retrospective designs
Descriptive designs
Generalizability
It relates to the extent that the results can be applied to other groups of people who are outside the study sample
Sample / Accessible population / Target population
Stratified random sampling
Process of selecting a sample to identify subgroups in the population that represented in the sample at random
(Proportionate / Disproportionate)
e.g. RN ~ Baccalaureate graduates / Diploma school graduates
Cluster (Multistage) sampling
A successive random sampling of units (clusters) from large to small which meet sample eligibility criteria
Systematic sampling
The process of selecting every kth case from the list
Convenience sampling
Subjects are chosen on the basis of availability
Consecutive sampling
Taking the complete accessible population within a defined period of time in the study
Snowball sampling
Relies on early sample subjects to refer others who meet the study eligibility criteria, to participate in the study
Quota sampling
Identify population strata of the population and then determine how many subjects are needed for each stratum to meet a quota according to the subjects' availability
Reliability
The consistency and accuracy with which an instrument measures the attribute
Validity
The degree to which an instrument measures what is supposed to be measuring
Statistical significance is a term that indicated the results obtained in a research study are unlikely caused by chance
Type I error
Wrongly rejecting a true null hypothesis
Type II error
Wrongly accepting a false null hypothesis
Crossover design
The exposure of the same subjects to more than one experimental treatment
Blocking / Stratification
Identify the possible confounding / extraneous variable, e.g. gender
Factorial design
Manipulate two or more independent variables simultaneously
External validity
The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized from the study sample to the larger population
Internal validity
The extent to which the change in the dependent variable (outcome) is truly due to the influence of independent variable, but not the other factors
History threat
The change in dependent variable is due to the occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable
When external events affect one group more than another
Selection threat
The study result is due to the pre-existing differences between study groups before the manipulation on the independent variables (lack of randomization)
Maturation threat
The change in the dependent variable is due to any kind of change that occur as a result of time, but not only related to the independent variable
Attrition is not at random -> mortality threat
Hawthorne effect
Subjects respond in a certain manner because they are aware that they are being observed
Experimenter effect
Occur when the researcher characteristic or behavior influence subjects response to treatment / a questionnaire
Double-blind technique
A technique in which the subjects, the researcher who administer the interventions, or the data collector, are unaware of which subjects are assigned to the experimental and control group
Measurement effect
When a pretest and posttest are used, measurement effect occurs when subjects have been sensitized to the treatment through taking the pretest
Systematic reviews
The use of a rigorous method to summarize the findings of all methodologically sound studies that address the same research question
Meta-analysis
Statistically combining the data produced by individual studies
The odd ratio is a way of comparing whether the probability of a certain event is the same for two groups
Evidence-based nursing
The process by which nurses make clinical decisions using the best available evidence, their clinical expertise and patient's preferences
ageing.hku.hk/ev/2c/page3.htm
肩胛抱法︰面向長者，雙手穿過長者腋窩，抱著肩胛位置
穿臂握法︰站在長者後面，雙手穿過腋窩，抓握長者雙臂(關節位)
臥至坐
先將長者雙腿屈曲
轉側身(注意肩膊重心不要墮後)
雙腿放下床邊
扶長者坐起來，應托着長者肩膀，而不是頸部
輪椅至椅子
先把輪椅和椅子擺成90度角，避免將輪椅和椅子相對，也不要將輪椅和椅子平排
提醒長者配合轉移的動作
切勿彎腰，必要時可紮穏馬步
雙人輔助時，要同時發力
轉移前要鎖上輪椅煞掣
如輪椅可以拆除扶手和腳踏，會更方便
上落樓梯
好的上天堂，壞的落地獄
攙扶長者時，應支撐他的腋窩，切勿拉他的手臂
The shoulder hug: put both hands under their arms from the front, and hold them over their shoulder blades
The underarm grip: stand behind them, put both hands under their arms, and grip their forearms
Lying down to sitting up
Bend up both knees
Turn the whole body on one's side
Bring both legs over the bed edge
Sit up (lever the person up by the shoulder, not the neck)
Wheelchair to chair/commode
Position the chairs at an angle of 90 degrees
Avoid positioning them facing each other
Don't place them side by side
One/two-person assistance
Encourage the individual being transferred to assist as far as possible
Don't bend at your waist, straddle if necessary
For two-person assistance, both must apply leverage at the same time
Make sure the brakes of the wheelchair are on before transfer
Wheelchairs with detachable armrest and footrest allow easier transfer
Up/down the stairs
Always step up with the stronger leg first; and step down with the weaker leg first
If you use a walking stick, always place the stick ahead of you for support
Support the person under the arm, don't pull them by the arm
穿臂握法︰站在長者後面，雙手穿過腋窩，抓握長者雙臂(關節位)
臥至坐
先將長者雙腿屈曲
轉側身(注意肩膊重心不要墮後)
雙腿放下床邊
扶長者坐起來，應托着長者肩膀，而不是頸部
輪椅至椅子
先把輪椅和椅子擺成90度角，避免將輪椅和椅子相對，也不要將輪椅和椅子平排
提醒長者配合轉移的動作
切勿彎腰，必要時可紮穏馬步
雙人輔助時，要同時發力
轉移前要鎖上輪椅煞掣
如輪椅可以拆除扶手和腳踏，會更方便
上落樓梯
好的上天堂，壞的落地獄
攙扶長者時，應支撐他的腋窩，切勿拉他的手臂
The shoulder hug: put both hands under their arms from the front, and hold them over their shoulder blades
The underarm grip: stand behind them, put both hands under their arms, and grip their forearms
Lying down to sitting up
Bend up both knees
Turn the whole body on one's side
Bring both legs over the bed edge
Sit up (lever the person up by the shoulder, not the neck)
Wheelchair to chair/commode
Position the chairs at an angle of 90 degrees
Avoid positioning them facing each other
Don't place them side by side
One/two-person assistance
Encourage the individual being transferred to assist as far as possible
Don't bend at your waist, straddle if necessary
For two-person assistance, both must apply leverage at the same time
Make sure the brakes of the wheelchair are on before transfer
Wheelchairs with detachable armrest and footrest allow easier transfer
Up/down the stairs
Always step up with the stronger leg first; and step down with the weaker leg first
If you use a walking stick, always place the stick ahead of you for support
Support the person under the arm, don't pull them by the arm
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