Open a txt file for reading

reading file: ifstream (input file stream)

writing file: ofstream (output file stream)

eof() in C++ is a member function of file stream classes (ifstream, ofstream, fstream) that stands for end-of-file.

stoi in C++ stands for "string to integer".

Meaning of letter = str[0];

str → a std::string object.

• [0] → accesses the first character of the string (indexing starts at 0).
• letter → a variable of type char that stores the result.

So this statement assigns the first character of the string str to the variable letter




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