Reference & in C++

In C++, a reference is essentially an alias for another variable. Once a reference is initialized to a variable, it becomes just another name for that variable—any operation on the reference is actually performed on the original variable.

- Declared using the & symbol

int a = 10;

int& ref = a;  // ref is a reference to a

- Must be initialized when declared.

- Cannot be changed to refer to another variable after initialization.

- Useful for function arguments and return values to avoid copying large data.

Reference:

int& ref = var;

cannot be null

cannot be reassigned

do not need dereferencing

Pointer:

int* ptr = &var;

can be null

can point to difference variables

need dereferencing

In programming, an alias is a second name for the same memory location. It means two or more variables refer to the same underlying data—so changing one affects the other.

Modifying a reference does change the original variable, because they both refer to the same memory location.

In programming, nullability refers to whether a variable is allowed to hold a null value --- meaning it can represent the absence of a value.

syntax: (computing) the rules that state how words and phrases must be used in a computer language

In C++, a reference is essentially an alias for another variable. That means:

- It doesn't exist as a separate object in memory.

- When you take the address of a reference, you're actually getting the address of the original variable it refers to.

C++ does not allow arrays of references.

References are not objects: They don’t occupy their own memory --- they’re just aliases for existing variables.

Arrays require elements to be assignable: But references must be initialized when declared and cannot be reseated.

References must be initialized at declaration.

A reference is not a standalone object; it must alias an existing variable.

Because of this, the compiler needs to know what it's referring to immediately --- there is no such thing as a "null" or "unbound" reference.

In C++, pointer initialization is optional, but that comes with a big caveat.

caveat: a warning that particular things need to be considered before something can be done

In C++, references provide one level of indirection.

indirection: indirect action or procedure

In C++, multiple levels of indirection with pointers means having pointers that point to other pointers --- and this can go as deep as your brain (or compiler) can handle!

When you use a reference:

- You're not accessing the object directly.

- Instead, you're accessing it through an alias --- a single level removed from the actual object.

In C++, you can absolutely declare a pointer with the void type, and it's known as a void pointer or generic pointer.

A void* is a special type of pointer that can point to any data type, but it doesn't know what type it's pointing to.

References in C++ are like secret passageways --- they let you access and manipulate data efficiently without the overhead of copying.

iteration: the process of repeating a mathematical or computing process or set of instructions again and again, each time applying it to the result of the previous stage

Microsoft Copilot

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Reading

congregational: connected with the group of people who belong to a particular church and go there regularly

parishioner: a person living in a parish, especially one who goes to church regularly

by dint of something/of doing something: by means of something

charisma: the powerful personal quality that some people have to attract and impress other people

meld: to combine with something else; to make something combine with something else

The Sermon on the Mount is a collection of sayings spoken by Jesus of Nazareth found in the Gospel of Matthew that emphasizes his moral teachings.

The Old English Sheepdog is a large breed of dog that emerged in England from early types of herding dog.

scavenge: (of a person, an animal or a bird) to search through waste for things that can be used or eaten

meander: to bend with curves rather than being in a straight line

slick: having a smooth surface

neat: tidy and in order; carefully done or arranged

Adélie penguin: a gregarious territorial penguin of Antarctica, having a distinctive white ring around the eye

intricate: having a lot of different parts and small details that fit together

trellis: an arrangement that forms or gives the effect of a lattice

lattice: a structure that is made of thin, narrow pieces of wood or metal that cross over each other with spaces that are like diamonds in shape between them, used, for example, as a fence; any structure or pattern like this

sturdy: ​(of an object) strong and not easily damaged

generalization: a general statement that is based on only a few facts or examples; the act of making such statements

clique: a small group of people who spend their time together and do not allow others to join them

baffle: to confuse somebody completely; to be too difficult or strange for somebody to understand or explain

maddening: ​making you feel extremely annoyed

worrisome: that makes you worry

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

Rational

waver: to be or become weak or unsteady

decadence: behavior, attitudes, etc. that show a fall in standards, especially moral ones, and an interest in pleasure and fun rather than more serious things

gliding: the sport of flying in a glider

coif: to arrange (hair) by brushing, combing, or curling

whitecaps: waves in the sea or ocean with white tops on them

sprinkler: a device with holes in that is used to spray water in drops onto plants, soil or grass

driveway: a wide hard path or a private road that leads from the street to a house

roller skate: a type of boot with two pairs of small wheels attached to the bottom

slam: to crash into something with a lot of force; to make somebody/something crash into something with a lot of force

asphalt: a thick black sticky substance used especially for making the surface of roads

huddle: (of people or animals) to gather closely together, usually because of cold or fear

wail: to make a long, loud, high noise because you are sad or in pain

wrestle: to struggle to deal with something that is difficult

shun: to avoid somebody/something

a case made of plaster of Paris that covers a broken bone and protects it

delirium: an acute mental disturbance characterized by confused thinking and disrupted attention usually accompanied by disordered speech and hallucinations

avail: to make use of something, especially an opportunity or offer

realm: an area of activity, interest or knowledge

superstition: the belief that particular events happen in a way that cannot be explained by reason or science; the belief that particular events bring good or bad luck

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

Using objects with vectors

A complex number can be visually represented as a pair of numbers (a, b) forming a vector on a diagram called an Argand diagram, representing the complex plane. Re is the real axis, Im is the imaginary axis, and i is the "imaginary unit", that satisfies i² = −1.

A complex number can be represented as a vector in the complex plane, where the real part corresponds to the x-coordinate and the imaginary part to the y-coordinate. This allows us to visualize and perform vector operations like addition and subtraction on complex numbers.

In C++, a vector of complex numbers can be created using std::vector and std::complex. The std::complex template class is part of the <complex> header and represents complex numbers with a specified underlying floating-point type (e.g., double, float).

The right shift operator in C++ is written as >> and is used to shift the bits of a number to the right by a specified number of positions. It’s a bitwise operator, meaning it works directly on the binary representation of numbers.

In C++, an iterator is like a smart pointer that allows you to traverse through elements in a container (like vector, list, map, etc.) without knowing the underlying structure. It’s part of the Standard Template Library (STL) and is essential for working with algorithms and containers in a generic way.

In C++, std::complex<double> is a class template specialization from the <complex> header that represents a complex number with both real and imaginary parts stored as double precision floating-point values.

semantics: the meaning of words, phrases or systems

In the code snippet prev(points.end(), 2)->real(), here's what each part means:

points.end(): This returns an iterator pointing to the element after the last element in the vector points.

prev(points.end(), 2): The prev function takes an iterator and a number of positions to move back. In this case, it moves back 2 positions from the end of the vector, effectively pointing to the second-to-last element.

->real(): This accesses the real part of the complex number at the iterator's current position.

So, prev(points.end(), 2)->real() gets the real part of the second-to-last complex number in the points vector.

Objects are instances of classes. For example, a complex number object contains data members like the real and imaginary parts. You access these members using the dot operator (.), like complexNumber.real().

Iterators are special objects that act like pointers to elements within a container (like a vector). They allow you to traverse the container. When using iterators, you access the members of the object they point to using the arrow operator (->), like iterator->real().

Mainly by Microsoft Copilot

Vectors in C++

In C++, a vector is a dynamic array provided by the Standard Template Library (STL). Unlike regular arrays, vectors can automatically resize themselves when elements are added or removed, making them incredibly flexible for managing collections of data.

In C++, an object is an instance of a class, which is a user-defined blueprint for creating data structures that bundle both attributes (variables) and behaviors (functions).

Think of a class as a recipe, and an object as the actual dish you cook using that recipe.

In C++, an algorithm typically refers to a set of functions provided by the <algorithm> header in the Standard Template Library (STL). These functions help you perform common operations like sorting, searching, counting, and manipulating data structures such as vectors, arrays, and lists.

In mathematics, an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure used to solve a problem or perform a computation. Think of it like a recipe: a clear set of instructions that, when followed correctly, leads to a solution.

Generic programming is a style of programming where algorithms and data structures are written in a way that they can work with any data type. In C++, this is primarily achieved using templates.

consecutively: following one after another in a continuous series

In C++, the dot operator (.) and the push_back() function serve very different but essential roles—one for accessing members of objects, and the other for modifying containers like vectors.

The term "arbitrary element" generally refers to any element chosen from a set or container without a specific rule or pattern. In C++, how you work with an arbitrary element depends on the data structure you're using.

Microsoft Copilot

Travel

typewriter: a machine that produces writing similar to print. It has keys that you press to make metal letters or signs hit a piece of paper through a long, narrow piece of cloth covered with ink (= colored liquid).

The IBM Selectric (a portmanteau of "selective" and "electric") was a highly successful line of electric typewriters introduced by IBM on 31 July 1961.

portmanteau word: a word that is invented by combining the beginning of one word and the end of another and keeping the meaning of each. For example motel is a portmanteau word that is a combination of motor and hotel.

cursive: ​(of handwriting) with the letters joined together

itinerary: a plan of a journey, including the route and the places that you visit

capitol: the building in Washington DC where the US Congress (= the national parliament) meets to work on new laws

"at the wheel" generally means in control or in command, often in a driving or leadership context

thoroughbred: (of an animal, especially a horse) of high quality, with parents that are both of the same type

orchard: DJ[ˋɔ:tʃəd]

adobe: a mixture of mud and straw, dried in the sun and used as a building material

Douglas fir: an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is the tallest tree in the Pinaceae family.

neatly: in a way that is tidy and in order; carefully

geology: the scientific study of the physical structure of the earth, including the origin and history of the rocks and soil of which the earth is made

thrill: a strong feeling of excitement or pleasure; an experience that gives you this feeling

stalactite: a long pointed piece of rock hanging down from the roof of a cave (= a hollow place underground), formed over a long period of time as water containing lime runs off the roof

stalagmite: a piece of rock pointing upwards from the floor of a cave (= a hollow place underground), that is formed over a long period of time from drops of water containing lime that fall from the roof

regale him with: to entertain somebody with stories, jokes, etc.

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

The Relationship Between Prebiotics and Probiotics

    The relationship between prebiotics and probiotics represents one of the most important partnerships in human health, creating a synergistic system that supports optimal gut function and overall well-being. While these terms are often confused or used interchangeably, they serve distinct yet complementary roles in maintaining digestive health and supporting the immune system.

Understanding the Basic Definitions

    Probiotics are live microorganisms—typically bacteria or yeast—that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. These beneficial bacteria help maintain the balance of gut flora and live in synergy with other helpful bacteria in the digestive system. Common probiotic strains include various species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which can be found naturally in fermented foods like yogurt, kefir (牛奶酒), sauerkraut(德國泡菜), and kimchi.

    Prebiotics, on the other hand, are non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon. They are specialized plant fibers that act as food for probiotics, supporting their growth and activity within the digestive system. Prebiotics are found in foods such as garlic, onions, bananas, whole grains, and artichokes(菊芋).

The Symbiotic Partnership

    The relationship between prebiotics and probiotics is fundamentally symbiotic, with each component enhancing the effectiveness of the other. Prebiotics serve as fuel for probiotics, providing the essential nourishment these beneficial bacteria need to thrive in the gut environment. This partnership ensures that probiotics can survive, multiply, and effectively colonize the digestive tract.

How They Work Together

The synergistic relationship operates through several key mechanisms:

    Nutritional Support: Prebiotics travel undigested through the small intestine to the colon, where probiotics ferment them and consume them for energy. This fermentation process is crucial for maintaining viable probiotic populations in the gut.

    Enhanced Survival: By providing a steady food source, prebiotics help probiotics survive the harsh acidic environment of the stomach and establish themselves in the colon. This is particularly important because probiotics are living microorganisms that can be eliminated by exposure to stomach acid, heat, or other adverse conditions.

    Metabolic Benefits: When probiotics ferment prebiotics, they produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, propionate, and acetate. These SCFAs serve as important energy sources for intestinal epithelial cells and have beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.

The Concept of Synbiotics

    The combination of prebiotics and probiotics in a single product or food is called a synbiotic. This approach aims to create a synergistic effect that enhances the survival and activity of probiotics while simultaneously providing the food they need to grow and thrive. Research suggests that synbiotics may be more effective than using probiotics alone, as they optimize the health benefits of both components.

Health Benefits of the Prebiotic-Probiotic Partnership

Digestive Health

    The collaboration between prebiotics and probiotics promotes optimal digestive function by maintaining a balanced gut microbiome. This balance helps prevent gastrointestinal issues, reduces bloating and gas, and improves bowel movement regularity.

Immune System Support

    Approximately 70% of the immune system resides within the gut, making the prebiotic-probiotic relationship crucial for immune function. Together, they strengthen the gut barrier function, help prevent harmful substances from entering the bloodstream, and regulate immune responses.

Enhanced Nutrient Absorption

    The fermentation of prebiotics by probiotics improves the body's ability to absorb essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals. This process also supports the production of important vitamins like B12 and K.

pH Regulation

    The production of SCFAs through prebiotic fermentation helps lower intestinal pH, creating an environment that is conducive(有助) to beneficial bacteria while inhibiting the growth of harmful pathogens.

Mechanisms of Action

Competitive Exclusion

    Probiotics compete with harmful bacteria for resources and receptor-binding sites in the gut. When supported by prebiotics, these beneficial bacteria are better equipped to outcompete pathogens and maintain dominance in the gut ecosystem.

Antimicrobial Production

    Probiotics produce natural antimicrobial compounds including organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins. The availability of prebiotic substrates enhances this antimicrobial activity, providing additional protection against harmful microorganisms.

Gut Barrier Enhancement

    The SCFA production resulting from prebiotic fermentation helps strengthen the intestinal barrier by promoting the synthesis of mucin proteins (黏蛋白) and regulating tight junction proteins. This enhanced barrier function is crucial for preventing "leaky gut" syndrome and maintaining overall gut health.

Optimization Strategies

Dietary Approach

    The most effective way to harness the prebiotic-probiotic relationship is through a diverse diet that includes both types of compounds. Probiotic-rich foods include yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, and other fermented products. Prebiotic sources encompass high-fiber foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes.

Concentration and Timing

    Research indicates that the concentration of prebiotics significantly affects the production of SCFAs by probiotics. The effectiveness of this partnership can also be influenced by factors such as individual gut microbiome composition, diet quality, and overall health status.

Combined Supplementation

    For those considering supplements, products that combine both prebiotics and probiotics (synbiotics) may offer enhanced benefits compared to taking each component separately. However, studies suggest that probiotics obtained from food sources are often more beneficial than those from supplements.

Conclusion

    The relationship between prebiotics and probiotics represents a fundamental partnership in human health, where prebiotics serve as the essential fuel that enables probiotics to thrive and provide their numerous health benefits. This symbiotic relationship extends far beyond simple digestion, influencing immune function, mental health, and overall well-being. Understanding and nurturing this partnership through appropriate dietary choices and lifestyle practices is crucial for maintaining optimal gut health and supporting the body's complex microbial ecosystem. As research continues to unveil the intricate (complicated) mechanisms of this relationship, it becomes increasingly clear that both components are essential for achieving and maintaining a balanced, healthy gut microbiome.

perplexity.ai

unforgettable childhood

canal: a long straight passage dug in the ground and filled with water for boats and ships to travel along; a smaller passage used for carrying water to fields, crops, etc.

fjord: a long narrow area of sea between high cliffs

cottage: a small house, especially in the country

fancy: unusually complicated, often in an unnecessary way; intended to impress other people

splash: to make somebody/something wet by making water, mud, etc. fall on them/it

Capture the Flag is a traditional outdoor game. The two teams try to capture each other's flag and return it to their base.

A popsicle is a frozen treat consisting of flavored ice or ice cream on a stick.

wrangler: a cowboy or a cowgirl, especially one who takes care of horses

preside: to lead or be in charge of a meeting, ceremony, etc.

extravaganza: a large, expensive and impressive entertainment

dexterity: ​skill in using your hands or your mind

athleticism: the quality of being physically strong, fit and active

gunnysack: a large bag made from rough material and used to store flour, potatoes, etc.

A gunny sack race, also known as a sack race, is a fun outdoor game where participants hop inside a sack, typically made of burlap or similar material, and race to the finish line.

A wheelbarrow race is a two-person team activity where one person acts as the "driver" and the other as the "wheelbarrow". The driver holds the other person's ankles, and the "wheelbarrow" walks on their hands while the driver supports them.

Rose Bowl: The Rose Bowl is an American outdoor athletic stadium, located in Pasadena, California, a northeast suburb of Los Angeles.

juggle: to try to deal with two or more important jobs or activities at the same time so that you can fit all of them into your life

pay off: to be successful and bring good results

kaizen: the practice of continuously improving the way in which a company operates

jigsaw: a saw (= a type of tool) with a narrow blade for cutting designs in thin pieces of wood or metal

plywood: board made by sticking thin layers of wood on top of each other

solicit: to ask somebody for something, such as support, money or information; to try to get something or persuade somebody to do something

witty: clever and humorous

fold-out: (of a piece of furniture or a page in a book or magazine) designed to be opened out for use and then folded away again so it can be stored easily

comic strip: a series of drawings inside boxes that tell a story and are often published in newspapers

depict: to describe something in words, or give an impression of something in words or with a picture

gin up: arouse or intensify strong feelings in someone

outrageous: very unusual and intended to shock people slightly

muse: to think carefully about something for a time, ignoring what is happening around you

inscribe: to write or cut words, your name, etc. onto something

cider: an alcoholic drink made from the juice of apples.

The term "Wurlitzer" most commonly refers to The Rudolph Wurlitzer Company, an American company known for its musical instruments, particularly jukeboxes and electric pianos.

rink: a specially prepared flat surface of ice, where you can ice-skate

bouquet: DJ[buˋkei] a bunch of flowers arranged in an attractive way so that it can be carried in a ceremony or presented as a gift

carnation: a white, pink, red or yellow flower, often worn as a decoration on formal occasions

wind down; to rest or relax after a period of activity or excitement

ornament: DJ[ˋɔ:nəmənt] an object that is used as decoration in a room, garden, etc. rather than for a particular purpose

reminisce: DJ[͵remiˋnis]

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

C++ vs Python

Question: In comparison between studying C++ and python for beginner, what are the advantages and disadvantages of studying them? Is C++ too old-fashioned to study?

Python for Beginners

Advantages:

Ease of learning and readability: Python's syntax is clean and intuitive. Its code often reads like plain English, which makes it approachable for beginners. This simplicity lets you focus on learning programming concepts instead of getting bogged down in complex syntax.

Rapid prototyping: As an interpreted language, Python allows you to write and test code quickly. This iterative process is ideal for learning and experimenting.

Vast community and libraries: Python boasts extensive libraries and frameworks --- particularly in web development, data science, and automation --- which can help you build projects withing reinventing the wheel.

High-level abstractions: Python abstracts away many of the lower-level details like memory management, letting you concentrate on logic and problem solving.

Disadvantages:

Performance: Because Python is interpreted and dynamically typed, it generally runs slower than compiled languages such as C++. For compute-intensive applications, you may eventually need to resort to other languages form optimization.

Hidden complexity: The abstraction of details (e.g. memory management) means you might not learn foundational computing concepts as deeply early on, which can be a disadvantage if you are aiming to understand what happens "under the hood".

C++ for Beginners

Advantages:

Deep understanding of computer science fundamentals: C++ exposes you to core programming concepts like manual memory management, pointers, and detailed control over system resources. Learning these concepts can provide a solid foundation if you later need to work on performance-critical or system-level applications.

Performance: C++ is known for its high efficiency and performance. Its compilation to machine code makes it preferred choice for applications where speed and resource management are critical (e.g. game development and real-time simulation).

Object-oriented programming and beyond: C++ supports various programming paradigms (object-oriented, generic, and even functional programming). This exposure can be highly beneficial as it broadens your programming perspectives.

Modern evolution: Despite its age, C++ is far from outdated. The language has continuously evolved with modern updates, incorporating features that simplify many tasks and improve code safely and performance.

Disadvantages:

Steep learning curve: C++ is notoriously unforgiving for beginners. The language requires a good understanding of concepts like pointers, memory allocation and more intricate syntax, which can be overwhelming.

Verbose and complex syntax: Even simple tasks in C++ can require more boilerplate code compared to Python. This verbosity can obscure the learning of basic programming logic amid the technical details.

Manual management of resources: While learning about memory management is beneficial, managing resources manually can lead to errors --- especially in the early stages of learning.

Is C++ too old-fashioned to study?

Not at all. While C++ has been around for decades, it has continually modernized to meet current demands. Its robust ecosystem, emphasis on performance, and direct interaction with the system hardware mean it remains indispensable in many fields --- such as game development, embedded systems, finance, and high-performance computing. In essence, C++ is like a well-forged tool in a craftsman's arsenal: while it requires more skill to use, mastering it can open doors to deep, performance-critical programming that simply is not accessible with higher-level languages. Even if you begin with Python for its ease, exploring C++ later can round out your understanding of programming fundamentals and system-level design.

For beginners, Python offers a smoother start and encourages rapid exploration, while C++ challenges you to understand the intricacies that lie beneath the surface of computing. Your choice should reflect your immediate interests and long-term goals:

Choose Python if you aim to quickly dive into coding, prototype ideas, or explore areas like data analysis, web development, or automation.

Choose C++ if your are intrigued by system programming, game development, or you want to build a strong foundation in understanding how computers work under the hood.

If you are curious to bridge the two, some learners find starting with Python builds confidence, which then makes tackling C++ less intimidating later on.

intuitive: (of people) able to understand something by using feelings rather than by considering the facts

bog down: to make something sink into mud or wet ground

prototype: an original model on which something is patterned

iterative: (of a process) that involves repeating a process or set of instructions again and again, each time applying it to the result of the previous stage

under the hood: refers to the internal workings or details of something, often hidden or not immediately obvious

compilation: the process of compiling something

intricate: having a lot of different parts and small details that fit together

verbose: using or containing more words than are needed

boilerplate: a standard form of words that can be used as a model for writing parts of a business document, legal agreement, etc.

Embedded systems are specialized computer systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electronic systems.

forge: to shape metal by heating it in a fire and hitting it with a hammer; to make an object in this way

intricacies: the complicated parts or details of something

intrigue: to make somebody very interested and want to know more about something

intimidating: frightening in a way that makes a person feel less confident

Microsoft Copilot

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Technology

sputnik: a satellite of the type that was put into space by the Soviet Union

jolt: to give somebody a sudden shock, especially so that they start to take action or deal with a situation

exposition: an event at which people, businesses, etc. show and sell their goods

morph: to change, or make somebody/something change, into something different

retort: ​a quick, angry or humorous reply

prowess: ​great skill at doing something

button-down: a button-down collar, shirt, etc. has the ends of the collar fastened to the shirt with buttons

blazer: a jacket, not worn with matching trousers, often showing the colors or badge of a club, school, team, etc.

depict: to describe something in words, or give an impression of something in words or with a picture

over-the-top: done with too much acting, emotion or effort

daredevil: a person who enjoys doing dangerous things, in a way that other people may think is stupid

tandem: a bicycle for two riders, one behind the other

contraption: a machine or piece of equipment that looks strange or complicated and possibly does not work well

harness: to control and use the force or strength of something to produce power or to achieve something

bold: (of people or behavior) brave and confident; not afraid to say what you feel or to take risks

civic: officially connected with a town or city

envision: to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards

excel: to be very good at doing something

pursue: to do something or try to achieve something over a period of time

explicitly: clearly or directly, so that the meaning is easy to understand

clan: a very large family, or a group of people who are connected because of a particular thing

quotidian: ​ordinary; typical of what happens every day

mundane: ordinary

chore: a task that you do regularly

sacrosanct: that is considered to be too important to change or question

edict: an official order or statement given by somebody in authority

abide: to dislike somebody/something so much that you hate having to be with or deal with them

unseemly: (of behavior, etc.) not polite or suitable for a particular situation

condiment: a substance such as salt, pepper or a sauce that is added to food to give it extra taste

bedrock: a strong base for something, especially the facts or the principles on which it is based

speedometer: an instrument in a vehicle which shows how fast the vehicle is going

leap: to jump high or a long way

frantically: quickly and with a lot of activity, but in a way that is not very well organized

exuberance: ​the quality of being full of energy, excitement and happiness

squeaky: ​making a short, high sound

casserole: a hot dish made with meat, vegetables, etc. that are cooked slowly in liquid in an oven

hound: to keep following somebody and not leave them alone, especially in order to get something from them or ask them questions

speculate: to form an opinion about something without knowing all the details or facts

goof off: to spend your time doing nothing, especially when you should be working

tag along: to go somewhere with somebody, especially when you have not been asked or invited

usher: to take or show somebody where they should go

coif: to arrange (hair) by brushing, combing, or curling

matching funds: financial contributions that are provided in proportion to funds raised from other sources

steward: a person who helps at a large public event, for example a race or public meeting, by keeping order, showing people where to go, etc.

entrust: to make somebody responsible for doing something or taking care of somebody

litigation: ​the process of making or defending a claim in court

revere: to admire and respect somebody/something very much

flout: to show that you have no respect for a law, etc. by openly not obeying it

Joseph Raymond McCarthy was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death at age 48 in 1957.

transfix: to make somebody unable to move because they are afraid, surprised, etc.

coverage: the reporting of news and sport in the media

despise: to dislike and have no respect for somebody/something

flagrant: (of an action) that shocks you because it is done in a very obvious way and shows no respect for people, laws, etc.

bewildering: making you feel confused because there are too many things to choose from or because something is difficult to understand

glamorous: especially attractive and exciting, and different from ordinary things or people

virtuous: behaving in a very good and moral way; showing high moral standards

levy: an extra amount of money that has to be paid, especially as a tax to the government

sandwich sign: sandwich board

artifact: an object that is made by a person, especially something of historical or cultural interest

alma mater: the school, college or university that somebody went to

municipal: DJ[mju:ˋnisipəl] connected with or belonging to a town, city or district that has its own local government

league: a group of people or nations who have combined for a particular purpose

nonpartisan: not supporting the ideas of one particular political party or group of people strongly

upend: to turn somebody/something the wrong way up or onto one end

hidebound: having old-fashioned ideas, rather than accepting new ways of thinking

porcelain: DJ[ˋpɔ:slin]

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

Sth abt Pointers

delve into: to try hard to find out more information about something

An automatic variable is a type of local variable that’s automatically created when a function or block is entered and destroyed when it’s exited. You’ll find this concept in languages like C, C++, and Java.

A function is a reusable block of code designed to perform a specific task. You define it once and can call it multiple times throughout your program. Functions help keep code organized, readable, and modular.

A block is a group of statements enclosed in curly braces {}. It defines a scope in many programming languages. Blocks are used in functions, loops, conditionals, and more.

So, a function contains a block, but not every block is a function. Think of a function as a named tool, and a block as the toolbox where the instructions live.

indispensable: too important to be without

The return address is a key part of how function calls work in many programming languages and computer architectures. When a function is called, the program needs to remember where to come back to after the function finishes. That’s where the return address comes in.

Last In, First Out (LIFO) is a method of organizing and accessing data where the most recently added item is the first one to be removed. It’s like stacking plates: you add to the top, and you also remove from the top.

trade-off: the act of balancing two things that are opposed to each other

A dangling pointer is a pointer that still holds the address of memory that has already been freed or deallocated. It’s like having the key to a hotel room that’s already been cleaned out and reassigned—you’ve got the key, but what’s behind the door is no longer what you expect.

nullptr is a special keyword introduced in C++11 to represent a null pointer constant in a type-safe way. Before nullptr, programmers used NULL or 0, which could lead to ambiguity --- especially in function overloads.

modular: (of machines, buildings, etc.) consisting of separate parts or units that can be joined together

The -> operator in C++ is called the member access operator for pointers. It’s a shorthand for accessing members (variables or functions) of an object through a pointer.

shorthand: a quick way of writing using special signs or abbreviations, used especially to record what somebody is saying

A void pointer (void*) in C++ is a special type of pointer that can point to any data type, but it doesn’t know what type it’s pointing to. That’s why it’s often called a generic pointer.

A smart pointer in C++ is like a regular pointer with superpowers—it automatically manages the memory it points to, helping you avoid memory leaks, dangling pointers, and other pointer-related headaches.

A shared_ptr in C++ is a type of smart pointer that allows multiple pointers to share ownership of the same dynamically allocated object. It’s part of the C++11 standard and lives in the <memory> header.

robust: strong and healthy

Microsoft Copilot

Table salt

Question: I eat table salt more than usual today, is it a good idea to drink more water in order to get rid of it?

    When you consume more salt than usual, your body tends to retain water to maintain the proper balance of electrolytes in your bloodstream. Drinking extra water can help your kidneys work more efficiently in excreting some of the excess sodium, potentially easing the load on your system. However, it's important to note that simply chugging large quantities of water isn't a magic solution --- it should be done gradually.

    Keeping your water intake at a healthy level throughout the day is generally beneficial when you've consumed a high-salt meal. That said, excessive fluid intake can also be problematic in certain situations, so it’s key to listen to your body. If you experience symptoms like extreme thirst, headaches, swelling, or any other unusual signs, it would be a good idea to consult a healthcare professional for advice tailored to your situation.

    Also, for future reference, managing salt intake regularly along with a balanced diet is generally the best course of action to maintain your overall health. Remember, making gradual adjustments is usually more effective than sudden changes.

chug: to drink all of something quickly without stopping

Explained by Microsoft Copilot and Edited

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Developing State

cohort: a group of people who share a common feature or aspect of behavior

conflagration: ​a very large fire that destroys a lot of land or buildings

snippet: a small piece of information or news

hair-raising: extremely frightening but often exciting

footage: part of a film showing a particular event

duck-and-cover: to hide under something and cover your face and head, as a way of trying to protect yourself, for example from a nuclear explosion

overwhelming: DJ[ˋəuvəˋhwelmiŋ]

suburb: DJ[ˋsʌbə:b]

bulldoze: to destroy buildings, trees, etc. with a bulldozer

viable: that can be done; that will be successful

rarefied: understood or experienced by only a very small group of people who share a particular area of knowledge or activity

crack: a sudden loud noise

boast: to talk in a way that shows you are too proud of something that you have or can do

veteran: a person who has been a soldier, sailor, etc. in a war

The G.I. Bill, formally the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, is a U.S. law that provides educational and other benefits to veterans.

covenant: a promise to somebody, or a legal agreement, especially one to pay a regular amount of money to somebody/something

enact: to pass a law

segregate: to separate people of different races, religions or sexes and treat them in a different way

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Tornado

carport: a shelter for a car, usually built next to a house and consisting of a roof supported by posts

slam: to crash into something with a lot of force; to make somebody/something crash into something with a lot of force

usher: to take or show somebody where they should go

huddle: (of people or animals) to gather closely together, usually because of cold or fear

stash: an amount of something that is kept secretly

plume: ​a cloud of something that rises and curves upwards in the air

confine: to keep somebody/something inside the limits of a particular activity, subject, area, etc.

splinter: (of wood, glass, stone, etc.) to break, or to make something break, into small, thin, sharp pieces

tar: a thick, sticky black liquid that becomes hard when cold. Tar is obtained from coal and is used especially in making roads.

respectable: considered by society to be acceptable, good or correct

unseemly: (of behavior, etc.) not polite or suitable for a particular situation

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Using Objects with Pointers

Dynamic memory management in C++ refers to the process of allocating and deallocating memory manually during a program’s runtime, rather than relying solely on the stack or predefined memory sizes. It gives programmers more control over how memory is used, which is especially useful when the size or number of data elements isn’t known in advance.

heap: ​an untidy pile of something

Memory leakage in C++ happens when a program allocates memory on the heap using new (or similar functions) but fails to release it using delete. This leftover memory remains occupied even though it's no longer needed, leading to inefficient memory use and potentially crashing long-running applications.

In C++, type aliases let you create alternative names for existing types, making your code cleaner and often easier to understand --- especially when dealing with complex types.

using (Modern C++11 and beyond)

The generic programming paradigm is all about writing code that's flexible, reusable, and type-independent. In C++, this is primarily achieved through templates, which let you write functions and classes that work with any data type.

In the video "Using objects with pointers," the instructor explains:

Scope Resolution Operator (::): This operator is used to access a static member function of a class without needing an object of that class. For example, Clock::now() calls the static member function now from the Clock class. This is necessary because static member functions belong to the class itself rather than any particular object.

Static Member Function: A static member function can be called on the class itself, not on an instance of the class. It doesn't require an object to be created. In the video, Clock::now() is a static member function that returns the current time, and it is accessed using the scope resolution operator.

std::flush is an output stream manipulator in C++ that forces the immediate writing of any buffered output to its destination --- like the console or a file

Pointers in C++ are used for several important reasons, even if the code can run without them:

Dynamic Memory Management: Pointers allow you to allocate memory dynamically during runtime, which is crucial for creating flexible and efficient programs. This is particularly useful for managing resources in applications that require variable amounts of memory.

Performance Optimization: Using pointers can optimize performance by directly accessing and manipulating memory addresses, which can be faster than using standard variables.

Complex Data Structures: Pointers are essential for implementing complex data structures like linked lists, trees, and graphs, which rely on dynamic memory allocation and efficient memory management.

This is especially important in real-world applications where memory needs can change during execution.

Dynamic allocation in C++ refers to the process of reserving memory during a program’s runtime rather than at compile time. This is especially useful when you don’t know in advance how much memory you’ll need --- for example, when handling user input, variable-sized data structures, or real-time data.

A sanity check in programming --- especially in C++—is a quick, simple test to verify that something behaves as expected before diving into more complex logic or debugging. Think of it as asking, “Am I not missing something obvious?”

The angle brackets here are used to specify template arguments. 

In C++, member access operators are used to access members (like variables or functions) of a class, struct, or union. (dot operator/arrow operator)

Dot operator is used when you have an actual object (not a pointer).

Arrow operator is used when you have a pointer to an object. 

The indirection operator in C++ is the asterisk symbol *, and it's used to dereference a pointer—that is, to access the value stored at the memory address the pointer is pointing to.

Mainly by Microsoft Copilot

Before his birth

regent: a member of a governing board (as of a state university)

secretary: an official of a club, society, etc. who deals with mail, keeping records and making business arrangements

ballot: the piece of paper on which somebody marks who they are voting for

rival: a person, company or thing that competes with another in sport, business, etc.

sorority: a club for a group of women students at an American college or university

limelight: the center of public attention

imbue: to fill somebody/something with strong feelings, opinions or values

minister: a trained religious leader in some Christian churches

compel: to force somebody to do something; to make something necessary

flirt: to behave towards somebody as if you find them sexually attractive, without seriously wanting to have a relationship with them

chiseled: formed or crafted as if with a chisel

intrigued: very interested in something/somebody and wanting to know more about it/them

vibrant: full of life and energy

lure: to persuade or trick somebody to go somewhere or to do something by promising them a reward

sidewalk: a flat part at the side of a road for people to walk on

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

Arrays and Pointers

Functionally, there is no difference between int* ptr and int *ptr --- both declare a pointer to an integer. The asterisk (*) binds to the variable name, not the type, so it's all about personal or stylistic preference.

ampersand (&)

notation: a system of signs or symbols used to represent information, especially in mathematics, science and music

showcase: an event that presents somebody’s abilities or the good qualities of something in an attractive way

iterate: ​to repeat a mathematical or computing process or set of instructions again and again, each time applying it to the result of the previous stage

mutable: that can change; likely to change

Arrays are not mutable but the content of array are mutable.

Array mutability: Once an array is declared, its memory address is fixed. You cannot change the array to point to a different memory address.

Content mutability: The values stored in the array elements can be changed. For example, if you have an array of integers, you can modify the values of those integers.

arithmetic: the type of mathematics that deals with the adding, multiplying, etc. of numbers

無盡的知識

"The more you know, the more you don't know"

隨著知識的增長，您會意識到自己所不知道的東西更多。當你開始深入了解一個領域或知識範疇時，你會發現這個領域中的複雜性和細節遠超出你原本的想像，使你認識到自己的無知。這種現像鼓勵我們保持謙虛，並促使我們不斷學習和探索更多未知的事物。

沒有哪個人可以掌握所有知識，因為知識本身是無窮無盡的。越深入了解，就會越發感受到知識的浩瀚與廣闊，從而認識到學習的路程永遠沒有盡頭，也使我們更加珍惜每一次學習和發現的機會。

shipyard: a place where ships are built or repaired

weary: very tired, especially after you have been working hard or doing something for a long time

saloon: a bar where alcoholic drinks were sold in the western US and Canada in the past

stagger: to walk with weak unsteady steps, as if you are about to fall

diversion: something that takes your attention away from somebody/something while something else is happening

wistful: thinking sadly about something that you would like to have, especially something in the past that you can no longer have

alley: DJ[ˋæli] a narrow passage behind or between buildings

prospect: to search an area for gold, minerals, oil, etc.

attribute: to say or believe that something is the result of a particular thing

axiom: a rule or principle that most people believe to be true

bygone: ​happening or existing a long time ago

illiterate: (of a person) not knowing how to read or write

knuckle under: (informal) to accept somebody else’s authority

stucco: a type of plaster that is used for covering ceilings and the outside walls of buildings

stained glass: ​pieces of colored glass that are put together to make windows showing pictures or special designs, especially in churches

bungalow: a house built all on one level, without stairs

circus: a group of people, sometimes with trained animals, who perform acts with skill in a show that travels around to different places

nail: a small thin pointed piece of metal with a flat head, used for joining pieces of wood together or hanging things on a wall

A surrogate son is someone who acts as a son, either in a literal or metaphorical sense, without being one's biological or adopted son.

dropout: a person who leaves school or college before they have finished their studies

millwork: woodwork (such as doors, sashes, or trim) manufactured at a mill

deputy: a person who is the next most important person below a business manager, a head of a school, a political leader, etc. and who does that person’s job when they are away

ethos: the moral ideas and attitudes that belong to a particular group, society or person

coupe: a car with two doors and usually a sloping back

nonchalantly: in a calm and relaxed way, showing no sign of worry

yank: to pull something/somebody hard, quickly and suddenly

unyielding: if a person is unyielding, they are not easily influenced and they are unlikely to change their mind

elation: a feeling of great happiness and excitement

peek: ​a quick and secret look at something that you should not be looking at

persona: the aspects of a person’s character that they show to other people, especially when their real character is different

rumble seat: a folding seat in the back of an automobile (such as a coupe or roadster) not covered by the top

fender: a part of a car that is above a wheel

rattle:  to make a series of short loud sounds when shaking or hitting against something hard; to make something do this

rutted: with deep tracks that have been made by wheels

drift away: to gradually lose personal contact or connection with someone or something, or to slowly move away from a particular state, situation, or feeling

revere: to admire and respect somebody/something very much

barrage balloon: a large balloon that floats in the air and is held in place by cables, used in the past to make the progress of enemy aircraft more difficult

USS Tennessee: This battleship was involved in the Pearl Harbor attack and played a significant role in the Pacific Theater during World War II.

posh: typical of or used by people who belong to a high social class

ridicule: unkind comments that make fun of somebody/something or make them look silly

drill sergeant: a sergeant who trains new soldiers

apologetic: feeling or showing that you are sorry for doing something wrong or for causing a problem

recruit: a person who has recently joined the armed forces or the police

get booted: being forced to leave or being removed from something, often a job or an activity

chin-up: an exercise in which you hold onto a high bar above your head and pull yourself up towards it

weakling: ​a person who is not physically strong

flunk: DJ[flʌŋk] to fail an exam, a test or a course

second lieutenant: an officer of lower rank in the army or the US air force just below the rank of a lieutenant

firebomb: ​a bomb that makes a fire start burning after it explodes

The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded to members of the armed forces who have been wounded or killed in action against an enemy.

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

Explained by Microsoft Copilot and Edited

YouTube and Dementia

    目前沒有直接證據說明單純漫無目的地觀看 YouTube 會直接加劇認知障礙，但被動攝取資訊通常提供的腦部刺激較少，可能不如結構化、具有挑戰性的認知活動來得有益。長時間陷於無目的的視聽活動，可能導致大腦得不到足夠的主動參與與思考訓練，而這種情況在其他研究中常與認知功能下降有所關聯。不過，每個人的情況都不同，如果視頻內容富有啟發性、能激發思考甚至促進社交互動，則可能在一定程度上提供正面的腦部刺激。

    此外，認知健康是多方面因素綜合作用的結果，如社交互動、適量運動、充足睡眠、均衡飲食等都非常重要。若長者僅依賴無目的觀看 YouTube，而忽略了其他形式的認知和身體活動，可能會使得總體生活品質及認知訓練不足。建議可以嘗試以更有目的的方式安排線上學習或興趣課程，例如觀看具備知識性或互動性質的影片，並結合線下的社交與運動活動，共同促進腦部健康。

    從整體來看，關鍵並非單一行為，而是如何在日常生活中保持多元而有意識的認知活動與社交互動，這也可能對延緩認知功能衰退產生正面影響。

Microsoft Copilot

Pointers in C++

versatility: the ability to do many different things

In C++, nullptr is a special keyword introduced in C++11 to represent a null pointer in a type-safe way.

To dereference a pointer means to access or manipulate the value stored at the memory address the pointer is pointing to. In C++, you use the asterisk * operator to do this.

precede: to happen before something or come before something/somebody in order

int *ptr; is a declaration of a pointer to an integer in C++.

- int is the type of data the pointer will point to.

- * indicates that ptr is a pointer.

- ptr is the name of the variable.

ptr = &a;  // ptr now holds the memory address of a

colloquially: in a way that is used in conversation but not in formal speech or writing

ptr is a pointer, which means it is a special type of variable designed to store memory addresses. When you assign &a to ptr (using the address-of operator &), you are storing the memory address of the variable a in ptr. This allows ptr to "point" to a, meaning ptr now holds the location in memory where a is stored. This is why ptr can be referred to the address of a.

Mainly by Microsoft Copilot

網約車合法化

    網約車合法化後，最直接的改變是市場競爭環境會顯著改變。網約車平台通常具有使用便捷、即時預約、價格透明等優勢，能夠吸引不少希望節省時間或追求更高服務品質的消費者，從而削弱傳統的士的市場份額。

    由於網約車平台多利用現代科技進行排班和路線優化，其運營成本和效率常常比傳統的士更具優勢。這可能迫使的士公司和司機在價格、服務甚至車輛管理方面做出調整，以迎合更為靈活多變的市場需求，而這種壓力有可能導致整個的士業界的利潤縮水、營運成本上升或者收益不穩。

    另一方面，合法化後政府也更容易制定更加平衡的監管措施，既保護傳統的士司機的就業權益，又能鼓勵新興的科技型出行模式。這將要求監管部門在制訂政策時，既要確保市場公平競爭，又需要維護乘客和司機的安全與服務質量。整個轉變可能帶來一個更透明和多元化的交通市場，從而刺激整體服務質量的提升。

    此外，面對這種新的競爭格局，傳統的士業界也有機會進行自我革新，比如引入電子排班、升級支付系統及提供更個性化的服務。這樣一來，的士和網約車服務就可能採取互補而非單純對抗的局面，最終惠及廣大市民的出行需求。

    總結來看，網約車合法化將給香港的士業帶來嚴峻的市場競爭壓力，同時也提供了一個推動行業轉型及提升服務質量的契機。這一過程中，政府、傳統的士業者和新興平台必須協同發展，制定出既能保證公平競爭又能促進創新發展的監管政策，才能實現整體市場的健康運行和可持續發展。

Microsoft Copilot

Family Background

meticulous: paying careful attention to every detail

scrapbook: a book with empty pages where you can stick pictures, newspaper articles, etc.

clipping: an article or a story that you cut from a newspaper or magazine and keep

attorney: DJ[əˋtə:ni]

evolve: to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form; to develop something in this way

unjust: not deserved or fair

complement: to add to something in a way that improves it or makes it more attractive

glimpse: to see somebody/something for a moment, but not very clearly

dote on: to feel and show great love for somebody, ignoring their faults

shovel: DJ[ˋʃʌvl] a tool like a spade with a long handle and a broad metal part with curved edges, used for moving earth, snow, sand, etc.

carve out: develop

fledgling: a person, an organization or a system that is new and without experience

examiner: a person who has the official duty to check that things are being done correctly and according to the rules of an organization; a person who officially examines something

wagon: a vehicle with four wheels, pulled by horses or oxen and used for carrying heavy loads

civic: connected with the people who live in a town or city

croquet: a game played on grass in which players use mallets (= sticks with a block of wood at one end) to knock wooden balls through a series of hoops (= curved wires)

shuffleboard: a game in which players use long sticks to push discs towards spaces with numbers on a board

horseshoes: a game like quoits played with horseshoes or with horseshoe-shaped pieces of metal

mainstay: a person or thing that is the most important part of something and enables it to exist or be successful

proxy for something: something that you use to represent something else that you are trying to measure or calculate

sobriety: the fact of being sensible and serious

acuity: the ability to think, see or hear clearly

valedictorian: the student who has the highest grades in a particular group of students and who gives the valedictory speech at a graduation ceremony

excel: to be very good at doing something

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

A neat story of his parents

dub: to give somebody/something a particular name, often in a humorous or critical way

humorous: funny; showing a sense of humor

grin: a wide smile

hobby horse: a toy made from a long stick that has a horse’s head at one end. Children pretend to ride on it.

metronome: a device that makes a regular sound like a clock and is used by musicians to help them keep the correct rhythm when playing a piece of music

concur: to agree

wrestle: to struggle physically to move or manage something

scuffle: to fight or struggle with each other for a short time, in a way that is not very serious

contrarian: a person who opposes or rejects popular opinion, especially in financial markets

tempestuous: full of extreme emotions

indelibly: in a way that is impossible to forget or change

unconventional: not following what is done or considered normal or acceptable by most people; different and interesting

purposeful: having a useful purpose; acting with a clear aim and with determination

philanthropic: DJ[͵filənˋθrɔpik]

veteran: a person who has a lot of experience in a particular area or activity

downside: the disadvantages or less positive aspects of something

surpass: exceed

sorority: ​a club for a group of women students at an American college or university

measure up: to be as good, successful, etc. as expected or needed

sidle: to walk somewhere in a shy or uncertain way, as if you do not want to be noticed

retort: to reply quickly to a comment, in an angry, offended or humorous way

golly: ​used to express surprise

deliberate: done on purpose rather than by accident

unapologetically: without saying or showing that you are sorry about something, even in situations in which other people might expect you to

pragmatic: solving problems in a practical and sensible way rather than by having fixed ideas or theories

gregarious: ​liking to be with other people

neat: good; excellent

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

Arrays in C++

contiguous: touching or next to something

In C++, when you declare an array, its elements are stored contiguously in memory, meaning each element is placed right next to the previous one without gaps.

In C++, implicit conversion (also known as type coercion) happens when the compiler automatically converts one data type to another without explicit instructions from the programmer.

When you declare a variable as const size_t, it means:

- Fixed Value – The value cannot be changed after initialization.

- Used for Array Sizes – Often used to define array sizes or loop limits.

- Optimized for Memory – Since size_t is unsigned, it avoids negative values and ensures efficient memory usage

Microsoft Copilot

Integrity

正直意味著堅守個人的道德原則和價值觀，無論在任何情況下都保持誠實、公平與透明。在個人層面上，正直代表著對自己承諾的真誠履行，不為一時誘惑所動搖，堅持以真實的態度處理所有人際交往與事務。

在像香港這樣的商業都市，個人實踐正直可以從以下幾點出發︰

誠實無偽︰無論在工作中還是在日常生活裡，都要以真誠待人。比如，在處理交易或簽訂合約時，堅守透明溝通，不隱瞞事實，這不僅能獲得他人信任，也能為自己嬴得良好聲譽。

堅守原則︰在競爭激烈的商業環境中，可能經常遇到各種利益誘惑。保持正直意味著，即使面對巨大的壓力或短期利益誘惑，也要堅持自己的道德底線，不採取不正當手段。

以行動樹立榜樣︰一個人持續不斷地展示正直，能夠帶來積極的社會影響。無論是同事還是朋友，都會因為你的堅守信念而受到鼓舞，形成一個良性循環，使整個人際圈子更加健康、誠信。

專業與責任感︰在商業交往中，履行承諾、尊重對方，並及時、正確地處理各項責任工作，都是正直的重要體現。這樣的態度不僅有助於個人的長遠發展，也能為商業環境注入正面力量。

總之，在香港這樣一個充滿活力並且競爭激烈的城市中，個人實踐正直不僅關乎自身聲譽，更是維護社會誠信和促進公平商業環境的重要力量。正直並非一朝一夕之功，而是在日常點滴中不斷積累並持續堅守的價值。

Microsoft Copilot

Trey

    The faith of Bill Gates' grandmother probably had a role in shaping her into an extremely principled person. Even back then, I could grasp that she followed a strict personal code of fairness and justice and integrity. A life well-lived meant living simply, giving your time and money to others, and, most of all, using your brain --- staying engaged with the world. She never lost her temper, never gossiped, or criticized. She was incapable of guile. Often she was the smartest person in the room, but she was careful to let others shine. She was basically a shy person, but she had an inner confidence that presented as a Zen-like calm.

    此段落描述了比爾‧蓋茨奶奶如何透過信仰塑造出她堅守原則的性格。作者指出，她內心秉持公平、正義與誠信的準則，過著簡樸的生活，樂於奉獻時間和金錢幫助他人，而持續關心世界並利用自己的智慧來保持參與感。她從未失去冷靜、不閒聊、也不批評他人，誠實無偽。儘管她往往是最睿智的人，但她總是謙讓並讓別人發光發熱。總的來說，她雖然性格害羞，但擁有一種宛如禪定般的內心平靜和自信。

rival: a person, company or thing that competes with another in sport, business, etc.

at the forefront of: in or into an important or leading position in a particular group or activity

rummy: a simple card game in which players try to collect particular combinations of cards

canasta: a card game played with two packs of cards, in which players try to collect sets of cards

modest: not very large, expensive, important, etc.

war bonds: debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations

lumber mill: a place where logs are cut

lingo: a language, especially a foreign language

Go Fish is a popular children's card game where players try to collect sets of four matching cards (called "books") by asking other players if they have specific cards.

tease: to laugh at somebody and make jokes about them, either in a friendly way or in order to annoy them or make them embarrassed

devout: believing strongly in a particular religion and obeying its laws and practices

adherent: a person who supports a particular set of ideas

conviction: a strong opinion or belief

grasp: to understand something completely

gossip: to talk about other people’s private lives, often in an unkind way

guile: ​the use of clever but dishonest behavior in order to trick people

Zen: ​a Japanese form of Buddhism

stoically: without complaining about pain trouble or showing what you are feeling

funeral: DJ[ˋfju:nərəl]

babysitter: a person who takes care of babies or children while their parents are away from home and is usually paid to do this

profound: very great; felt or experienced very strongly

willow: a tree with long, thin branches and long, thin leaves, that often grows near water

upscale: in a way that involves buying or selling goods and services that are expensive and of high quality

privilege: DJ[ˋprivilidʒ]

eerie: strange, mysterious and frightening

golf course: a large area of land that is designed for playing golf on

avid: very enthusiastic about something (often a hobby)

jigsaw puzzle: a picture printed on cardboard (= very thick, stiff card) or wood, that has been cut up into a lot of small pieces of different shapes that you have to fit together again

kick one's butt: to succeed or win in an impressive way

glimmer: a small unsteady light

relic: an object, a tradition, a system, etc. that has survived from the past

slap:  to hit something with the flat part of your hand

frenzy: a state of great activity and strong emotion that is often violent or frightening and not under control

solitaire: a game for one person in which you remove pieces from their places on a special board after moving other pieces over them. The aim is to finish with only one piece left on the board.

communal: shared by, or for the use of, a number of people, especially people who live together

revelation: a fact that people are made aware of, especially one that has been secret and is surprising

didactic: designed to teach people something, especially a moral lesson

pinochle: a card game for two or more people that uses a special set of 48 cards

algorithm: a set of rules that must be followed when solving a particular problem

game theory: the part of mathematics that deals with situations in which people compete with each other, for example war or business

articulate:  to express or explain your thoughts or feelings clearly in words

intuit: to know that something is true based on your feelings rather than on facts, what somebody tells you, etc.

odds: something that makes it seem impossible to do or achieve something

fanfare: a short loud piece of music that is played to celebrate somebody/something important arriving

acknowledgement: an act of accepting that something exists or is true, or that something is there

wrestling: a sport in which two people fight by holding each other and trying to throw or force their opponent to the ground

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Explained by Microsoft Copilot

Pressure-flow hypothesis

    Sugar produced during photosynthesis in the leaves is transported throughout the plant via the phloem. In the leaves, sucrose is actively loaded into the phloem sieve tubes, which increases the osmotic pressure inside these tubes. Water then enters by osmosis, creating a high pressure environment that drives the sugar-rich solution to areas of lower pressure, known as sinks, such as roots. This process, known as pressure-flow hypothesis, ensures that sugars are efficiently distributed to support various functions like growth, storage, and reproduction.

    The difficulty in proving the pressure-flow hypothesis arises primarily from technical challenges. The phloem channels that transport sugars are extremely delicate and hard to access without disrupting their function, making direct measurements nearly impossible. Additionally, the dynamic changes in pressure and flow within the phloem occur in a living, complex system, which current imaging sensor technologies cannot monitor accurately in real time. This combination of physical inaccessibility and technological limitations means that we rely on indirect evidence and modeling rather than direct, conclusive proof.

Microsoft Copilot and Edited

phloem: DJ[ˋfləuem]

Quiz

In C++, when you divide an integer by another integer, the result is an integer due to integer division. However, when you divide by 3.0, the result is a double, because floating-point division is used instead.

 C++ does not have a built-in logical XOR (^^) operator like it does for logical AND (&&) and logical OR (||).

Microsoft Copilot

constants

The const qualifier in C++ is used to declare variables as constant, meaning their values cannot be modified after initialization. It's a great way to enforce immutability, enhance code safety, and provide clarity.

Scope encapsulation {} is a crucial concept in programming that helps restrict access to variables, functions, or objects to specific regions of code. This improves security, maintainability, and prevents unintended modifications.

Microsoft Copilot

The Beginning

    That said, it was the 1970s, and attitudes toward parenting were looser than they are today. Kids generally had more freedom. And by the time I was in my early teens, my parents had accepted that I was different from many of my peers and had come to terms with the fact that I needed a certain amount of independence in making my way through the world. That acceptance had been hard-won --- especially for my mother --- but it would play a defining part in who I was to become.

    作者提到，雖然那是1970年代，但當時的育兒方式比現在寬鬆，孩子們一般擁有更多自由。隨著他進入青春期，他的父母逐漸意識到他與眾不同，需要一點獨立去探索人生。這種接受並非易事，尤其對他的母親來說，但這種經歷最終深深影響了作者的成長與個性。

prologue: DJ[ˋprəulɔg] a speech, etc. at the beginning of a play, book or film that introduces it

splinter group: a small group of people that has separated from a larger one

expedition: an organized journey with a particular purpose, especially to find out about a place that is not well known

vastly: very much

wilderness: a large area of land that has never been developed or used for growing crops because it is difficult to live there

The Pacific Coast is a region in western North America that lies along the Pacific Ocean.

topographic: connected with the physical features of an area of land, especially the position of its rivers, mountains, etc.

pruney: it is used to describe skin, particularly fingers and toes, that becomes wrinkled, especially after prolonged immersion in water.

tarp (tarpaulin): a large sheet made of heavy waterproof material, used to cover things with and to keep rain off

forage: to search widely for food

undergrowth: a mass of bushes and plants that grow close together under trees in woods and forests

coax: to manipulate with great perseverance and usually with considerable effort toward a desired state or activity

twig: a small, very thin branch that grows out of a larger branch on a bush or tree

chop up: to cut (something) into small pieces

omelet: a hot dish of eggs mixed together and fried, often with cheese, meat, vegetables, etc. added

pail: an open container with a handle, used for carrying or holding liquids, sand, etc.

saucepan: a deep round metal pot with a lid (= cover) and one long handle or two short handles, used for cooking things over heat

culinary: connected with cooking or food

traipse: to walk somewhere slowly when you are tired and unwilling

camaraderie: a feeling of friendship and trust among people who work or spend a lot of time together

yearning: a strong and emotional desire

transcendent: going beyond the usual limits; extremely great

mainframe computer: a large, powerful computer, usually the center of a network and shared by many users

stamina: the physical or mental strength that enables you to do something difficult for long periods of time

sophomore: a student in the second year of a course of study at a college or university

daunting: making somebody feel nervous and less confident about doing something; likely to make somebody feel this way

proposition: an idea or a plan of action that is suggested

wimp out: to not do something that you intended to do because you are too frightened or not confident enough to do it

Log shelters, often called log cabins or log houses, are structures built by stacking tree trunks or logs horizontally and interlocking them at the corners.

meadow: a field covered in grass, used especially for hay

elation: a feeling of great happiness and excitement

sway somebody: to persuade somebody to believe something or do something

miserable: DJ[ˋmizərəbl] very unhappy or uncomfortable

nascent: ​beginning to exist; not yet fully developed

trudge: to walk slowly or with heavy steps, because you are tired or carrying something heavy

spruce: an evergreen forest tree with leaves like needles

sleet: a mixture of rain and snow

interminable: lasting a very long time and therefore boring or annoying

gash: to make a long deep cut in something, especially a person’s skin

limp: to walk slowly or with difficulty because one leg is injured

hone: to develop and improve something, especially a skill, over a period of time

sloppy: ​that shows a lack of care, thought or effort

whittle: to form a piece of wood, etc. into a particular shape by cutting small pieces from it

reclaim: to get something back or to ask to have it back after it has been lost, taken away, etc.

Bill Gates "Source Code"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

Explained by Microsoft Copilot

Preprocessor directives

int32_t is a fixed-width integer type defined in the C++ standard libraries (specifically in <cstdint>. It represents a signed 32-bit integer, meaning it can store whole numbers from −2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.

uint32_t for unsigned 32-bit integers, which range from 0 to 4,294,967,295.

In C++, the uint8_t type is essentially an unsigned 8-bit integer, which is often treated as a char type. When you print a uint8_t variable without casting, it can be interpreted as a character because char types are used to represent characters in the ASCII table. By casting health_items to int, you ensure it is interpreted and printed as an integer rather than a character.

#endif is a preprocessor directive in C++ that marks the end of a conditional compilation block. It is used to close directives like #ifdef.

In C++, #define is a preprocessor directive used to define macros, which are essentially symbolic names or code substitutions. These macros help in making the code more readable and maintainable.

Microsoft Copilot

Carpe diem

tribute: an act, a statement or a gift that is intended to show your love or respect, especially for a dead person

scripture: the Bible

faint: that cannot be clearly seen, heard or smelt

jet ski: a vehicle with an engine, like a motorcycle, for riding across water

intoxicated: ​under the influence of alcohol or drugs

multitude: an extremely large number of things or people

devote yourself to: to give most of your time, energy, attention, etc. to somebody/something

unleash: to suddenly let a strong force, emotion, etc. be felt or have an effect

overwhelm: DJ[͵əuvəˋhwelm]

lifeline: something that is very important for somebody and that they depend on

upbringing: the way in which a child is cared for and taught how to behave while it is growing up

literally: exactly

melee: a situation in which a crowd of people are rushing or pushing each other in a confused way

hypocrite: a person whose behavior does not meet the moral standards or match the opinions that they claim to have

striving: the act of trying very hard to achieve something

vexation: the state of feeling upset or annoyed

resourcefulness: the quality of being good at finding ways of doing things and solving problems, etc.

legendary: very famous and talked about a lot by people

in jeopardy: in a dangerous position or situation and likely to be lost or harmed

stunned: very surprised or shocked

gleefully: in a happy way because of something good you have done or something bad that has happened to somebody else

honk: ​the noise made by a car horn

unpretentious: not trying to appear more special, intelligent, important, etc. than you really are/it really is

uninhibited: behaving or expressing yourself freely without worrying about what other people think

buck teeth: top teeth that stick forward

outrageous: very unusual and intended to shock people slightly

wig: a piece of artificial hair that is worn on the head, for example to hide the fact that a person is bald, to cover somebody’s own hair

incognito: DJ[inˋkɔgnitəu]

golfing: the activity of playing golf

cringe: to feel very embarrassed and uncomfortable about something

hysterically: in an extremely excited way and without any control, often with crying or laughter

nap: a short sleep, especially during the day

If you scrunch something up, you squeeze it or bend it so that it is no longer in its natural shape and is often crushed.

    His enthusiasm was contagious and he taught us to live with a "carpe diem" (seize the day) mentality and to "suck the marrow out of life," as he loved to say.

    他充滿熱情，感染著每個人；他常說，要以把握當下的心態生活，從生命中儘情汲取精華。

humble: showing you do not think that you are as important as other people

fame: the state of being known and talked about by many people

steward: a person who helps at a large public event, for example a race or public meeting, by keeping order, showing people where to go, etc.

timeless: existing or continuing forever

preach:  to give somebody advice on moral standards, behavior, etc., especially in a way that they find annoying or boring

discernible: that can be recognized or understood

compliment: a comment that expresses praise or approval of somebody

consistency: the quality of always behaving in the same way or of having the same opinions, standard, etc.; the quality of being consistent

    We should make decisions based on our values and not how we felt in the moment.

    

    我們應該根據我們的價值觀作出決定，而不是根據當下的感受。

adore: to love somebody very much

sounding board: a person or group of people that you discuss your ideas with before you make them known or reach a decision

marvel: to be very surprised or impressed by something

encompass: to include a large number or range of things

accolade: praise or an award for an achievement that people admire

acclaimed: to praise or welcome somebody/something publicly

medallion: a piece of jewelry in the shape of a large, flat coin worn on a chain around the neck

humanity: the subjects of study that are about the way people think and behave, for example literature, language, history and philosophy

entrepreneur: DJ[͵ɔntrəprəˋnə:]

Stephen R. Covey "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Translated with Microsoft Copilot and Edited

increment operator

Prefix (++i): Increment first, then use the value.

Postfix (i++): Use the value first, then increment

int i = 5;

int j = ++i;  // i is incremented to 6, then assigned to j

i = 6

j = 6

int i = 5;

int j = i++;  // i is assigned to j first, then incremented

i = 6

j = 5

Microsoft Copilot

Quadrant II

embody: to express or represent an idea or a quality

inferior: not good or not as good as somebody/something else

ego: your sense of your own value and importance

smash: to break something, or to be broken, violently and noisily into many pieces

minutes: a summary or record of what is said or decided at a formal meeting

proactivity: taking initiative and acting to address a situation before it becomes a problem or issue

reveal: to make something known to somebody

delegate: a person who is chosen or elected to represent the views of a group of people and vote and make decisions for them

comply: to obey a rule, an order, etc.; to meet particular standards

mentality: the particular attitude or way of thinking of a person or group

offend: to make somebody feel upset because of something you say or do that is rude or embarrassing

procrastinate: DJ[prəuˋkræstineit]

abreast: ​next to somebody/something and facing the same way

excerpt: a short piece of writing, music, film, etc. taken from a longer whole

persistence: the fact of continuing to try to do something despite difficulties, especially when other people are against you and think that you are being annoying or unreasonable

make headway: to make progress, especially when this is slow or difficult

preclude: to prevent something from happening or somebody from doing something; to make something impossible

Stephen R. Covey "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com