Identifiers

In C++, identifiers are the names used to identify variables, functions, arrays, or other user-defined elements.

Identifiers in C++ are case-sensitive.

Identifiers cannot begin with a number.

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Difference

In C++, expression produce a value.

Statements perform actions.

Each statement in C++ ends with a semicolon.

For example:

int a = 3; // A statement that assigns the result of an expression (3) to 'a'.

int b = (a + 2); // A statement containing an expression (a + 2).

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信任與合作

entail: to involve something that cannot be avoided

disciple: a person who believes in and follows the teachings of a religious or political leader

commission (v): to officially ask somebody to write, make or create something or to do a task for you

commission (n): an official group of people who have been given responsibility to control something, or to find out about something, usually for the government

commitment: a promise to do something or to behave in a particular way; a promise to support somebody/something

manipulative: showing skill at influencing somebody or forcing somebody to do what you want, often in an unfair way

viable:  that can be done; that will be successful

When trust and the level of cooperation are high, synergistic communication is enhanced.

如果我們彼此之間建立了充分的信任，而大家願意積極合作，那麼我們之間的溝通就會變得更有效率以至產生協同效應。換句話說，高度的信任和合作能夠使溝通過程中各自的想法和能量互相疊加，從而產生遠超過各自單獨運作的效果。

在這種狀態下，訊息交流不只是簡單地傳遞訊息，而是一種一加一大於二的互動效果。例如在一個團隊中，當成員彼此信任、彼此支持時，他們更容易分享真實的想法和訊息，並且能夠從彼此的意見中獲得啟發，促使整個團隊解決問題、創新思維，達到更好的整體效果。

Stephen R. Covey "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Explained by Microsoft Copilot and edited

長和賣港口 | 計劃暫緩 下周不會簽署交易

【Yahoo 新聞報道】長和擬出售巴拿馬港口，將會暫緩。有關交易計劃近日引起中方不滿，原訂四月二日前簽訂港口權益最終協議，《Yahoo新聞》接獲長和高層消息人士透露，下周不會簽署交易文件。被問到是否與近日政治因素有關，消息人士僅透露︰「大家明啦！」

港澳辦、中聯辦曾四度轉載文章批評交易

據報中國曾要求國有企業暫停與李嘉誠家族合作

昨日《南華早報》引述消息指，長和正與港府尋求「合理的解決方案」，不過方案選擇有限︰如果長和停止交易會面臨高昂代價，而且帶來嚴重的政治影響；如果繼續推進交易，則對公司和國家都會構成損失。

另一方面，《彭博》昨天亦引述消息指，中國已要求國有企業，暫停與李嘉誠家族展開任何新合作。報道指，該項命令是在上周由中國高層官員發出，而現有的合作關係則不受影響。根據指令，國有企業與李嘉誠相關的商業活動不會立即獲批，監管機構亦正審查李嘉誠家族在中國和海外的投資，以了解其商業活動範圍。

大師的初衷

magnificence: the quality of being extremely attractive and impressive

authentic: true and accurate

piggyback: to set up or cause to function in conjunction with something larger, more important, or already in existence or operation

worthwhile: worth spending time, money or effort on

engrave: to cut words or designs on wood, stone, metal, etc.

trepidation: great worry or fear about something unpleasant that may happen

obsolete: no longer used because something new has been invented

transcend: to be or go beyond the usual limits of something

Often attempts are made to recreate a particular synergistic experience, but this seldom can be done. However, the essential purpose behind creative work can be recaptured. Like the Far Eastern philosophy, "We seek not to imitate the masters, rather we seek what they sought," we seek not to imitate past creative synergistic experiences; rather we seek new ones around new and different and sometimes higher purposes.

人們常常試圖再創造某種特定的協同體驗，但這種嘗試很少能夠成功。然而，我們始終可以找回創造背後的核心意義。正如東方哲學所言：「我們不在於模仿大師，而在於追尋他們當初追求的東西。」因此，我們不需要再模仿過去的協同創造經驗，而是應圍繞著全新、不同，甚至更高的目標。

Stephen R. Covey "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

www.merriam-webster.com

Translated by Microsoft Copilot and edited

Sth about Function

In C++,  void is a special return type used in functions that do not return a value. When a function is declared with a void return type, it means the function performs an action but does not give back any data to the caller.

A parameter is a variable defined in a function's declaration or definition. It acts as a placeholder that specifies what type and how many inputs a function expects. Parameters exist only within the scope of the function.

An argument is the actual value or expression provided to a function when it is called. Arguments are passed to the function and used in place of the corresponding parameters.

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C and C++

In C++, the <cstdio> header provides support for input and output operations using C-style functions.

#include <cstdio>

printf("Hello, World! Number: %d\n", 42);  // Prints: Hello, World! Number: 42

The functions rely heavily on format specifiers (e.g., %d for integers, %s for strings), which can lead to bugs if not used carefully.

For modern C++ development, prefer <iostream> over <cstdio> for safety and maintainability.

When the main function in C++ completes, it returns an integer value to the operating system. If you include return 0; at the end of the main function, it signifies successful execution.

In C language, \n is a special escape sequence that represents a newline character.

In C++ language, an argument is a value or variable that you pass to a function when you call it. Arguments act as input data that the function uses to perform its operations.

In C++, char* is a pointer to a char type, and it is used to represent a character array or C-style string. 

In C++, argc is a parameter of the main function that stands for "argument count." It represents the number of command-line arguments passed to the program when it is executed.

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明報社評

資助精英運動項目 多看潛力多講策略

    政府公布精英運動員及體育項目資助新安排，桌球及網球保留為體院A級精英項目，另體院全職運動員資助亦獲上調。近年港將在桌球和網球國際賽事有不俗表現，隨着陸續有世界頂尖桌球手移居香港，本地桌球運動及發展，絕對有條件更上一層樓，A級精英項目地位不穩，純粹因為現行評級機制太過以奧運及亞運獎牌導向，反映當局的精英運動發展策略存在缺失，以成績決定評級及資助看似公道，但其實沒有考慮不同精英運動項目在本港的長遠發展潛力。當局推動體育產業化，需要因時因地制宜。精英運動資助機制，除了考慮獎牌成績，也應該將產業化等宏觀戰略，納入考慮之列。

協同溝通的鑰匙

teeter: to stand or move in an unsteady way so that you look as if you are going to fall

chaos: DJ[ˋkeiɔs]

subordinate: to treat somebody/something as less important than somebody/something else

thrust: a sudden, strong movement that pushes something/somebody forward

humility: the quality of not thinking that you are better than other people; the quality of being humble

reverence: a feeling of admiring and respecting somebody/something very much

mesmerize: to have such a strong effect on you that you cannot give your attention to anything else

transcend: to be or go beyond the usual limits of something

overwhelming: DJ[ˋəuvəˋhwelmiŋ]

undertake: to make yourself responsible for something and start doing it

elapse: if a period of time elapses, it passes

    There was usually an early moment that required considerable courage, perhaps in becoming extremely authentic, in confronting some inside truth about the individual or the organization or the family that really needed to be said, but took a combination of considerable courage and genuine love to say. Then others became more authentic, open, and honest, and the synergistic communication process began. It usually became more and more creative, and ended up in insights and plans that no one had anticipated initially.

    通常一開始，需要極大的勇氣。也許是為了變得極其真實，面對個人、組織或家庭，必須說出但卻難以啟齒的內心真相，而這種表達需要具備極大的勇氣和真摯的愛。接著，其他人也開始變得更真實、開放、更誠實，協同溝通的過程就此啟動。這個過程通常會變得越來越有創意，最終催生出一些最初無人預料的見解和計劃。

authentic: true and accurate

Stephen R. Covey "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Translated by Microsoft Copilot and edited

Create a simple C++ program

C++, GitHub Copilot and VS Code

明報社評

沙盒測試拆牆鬆綁 釋放民間創新力量

    政府公布首批三十八個低空經濟沙盒測試項目，涵蓋運送外賣、藥物、化驗樣本，以及巡查架空電覽、協助緊急救援等。本港低空經濟起步較遲，亦要顧及市區高樓林立等客觀環境制約，但其實也有不少有利發展的條件，諸如通訊網絡完善、3D地圖數據詳細等，實際操作是否可行、成本效益是否理想、公眾是否受落，不作測試永遠無法確定。今次獲批的沙盒項目，既有涉及公共服務，亦有商業場景應用，大部分無人機航線都是圍繞沿海地區，突顯無人機在港不乏應用潛力，只要當局拆牆鬆綁，民間創意自然能夠釋放出來。

Most Basic Content

In C++, the # symbol is used to indicate a preprocessor directive. When you see #include <isotream>, it tells the preprocessor to include the contents of iostream header file in your program before actual compilation begins.

In C++, int main() is the standard entry point for a C++ program. Here's a simple breakdown:

int: This indicates that the function returns an integer value. By convention, returning 0 typically signifies that the program executed successfully.

main: This is the name of the function where the execution of the program begins.

The std namespace in C++ is part of the Standard Library, which provides a rich set of functions, classes, and objects to help with various programming tasks.

A namespace is a declarative region that provides a scope to the identifiers (the names of types, functions, variables, etc.) inside it. Namespaces are used to organize code into logical groups and to prevent name collisions that can occur especially when your code base includes multiple libraries.

In C++, the double colon :: is known as the scope resolution operator. It is used to define the scope in which a particular identifier (such as a variable, function, or class) resides.

cout: character output

endl: end line

In C++, return 0; is used in the main function to indicate that the program has executed successfully.

Using std::cout << std::endl << std::endl; in C++ will print two newline characters to the console, effectively creating a blank line between outputs.

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Compilation

A compiled programming language is one where the code you write (source code) is transformed into machine code (binary executable) through a process called compilation. This machine code is specific to the target system's architecture and can be executed directly by the computer's hardware.

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OOP

An object-oriented programming (OOP) language is a type of programming language that organizes software design around objects. These objects can represent real-world entities (existences) or abstract concepts, and they are designed to encapsulate (include) both data (attributes) and behavior (methods). This approach promote reusability, modularity, and flexibility in programming.

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明報社評

縮班殺校陰霾籠罩 莫讓學生成犧牲品

    適齡學童人口下滑，殺校問題再受關注。下學年因收生不足「派零班」的小學雖然只有兩間，較預期少，然而本港人口老化及少子化乃是大趨勢，學童人口下跌，問題屬結構性，部分地區情況尤其嚴重，隨著教育局收緊官津小學救校方案，未來數年估計將有更多收生不足的學校，被迫在合併或停辦之間二擇其一，當局須小心處理，避免對教育界構成太大震盪，確保受影響的教師、學生及家長得到合適支援。本港教育制度過度重視競爭，學童壓力巨大，近年自殺個案趨增，情況令人憂慮。隨著殺校壓力增加，學校為了催谷學生成績，操練文化會否變本加厲，需要密切留意。

Q10 temperature coefficient and plant growth

    The Q10 temperature coefficient is a measure indicating how the rate of a biological or chemical process changes with a 10°C increase in temperature. In many biological processes, a Q10 value of around 2 suggests that the rate doubles with a 10°C rise, provided the temperatures remain within an optimal range.

How Q10 relates to plant growth:

    Metabolic processes: Plant growth depends on various metabolic activities - for example, photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake - all of which are temperature-sensitive. Within an optimal temperature window, raising the temperature moderately can enhance these processes, speeding up growth as predicted by the Q10 effect.

    Photosynthesis: The enzymes driving photosynthesis become more active with a moderate temperature increase, generally improving the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. However, if temperatures exceed an optimum threshold, these enzymes can start to denature (change the nature), and photosynthetic efficiency may drop.

    Respiration: Like photosynthesis, respiration in plants also speeds up with increased temperature (following a similar Q10 effect). While a higher respiration rate can mobilize more energy, if it outpaces (goes faster than) photosynthesis, it may lead to a net loss of carbon, thereby reducing the overall growth efficiency of the plant.

    Optimal temperature range: Each plant species has its own ideal temperature range. Within this range, the Q10 effect can be favorable-metabolic processes are accelerated, and growth is promoted. Conversely, if the temperature climbs beyond this range, plants may experience heat stress, water loss, and enzyme malfunction, all of which can stall (to stop making progress) or even reverse growth.

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Online dictionary used: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

職場上的不信任

inward: inside your mind and not shown to other people

    Many people have not really experienced even a moderate degree of synergy in their family life or in other interactions. They have been trained and scripted into defensive and protective communications or into believing that life or other people cannot be trusted.

    很多人在家庭生活和其他人際互動中，從未真正感受到合作所帶來的正面效果。他們從小就習慣用防備和保護自己的方式交流，也因此認為生活和他人都不可信任。

untapped: available but not yet used

endeavor: an attempt to do something, especially something new or difficult

unnerving: making somebody feel nervous or frightened

Stephen R. Covey "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Translated by Microsoft Copilot and edited

陰陽互補

saint: a very good, kind or patient person

manifestation: an event, action or thing that is a sign that something exists or is happening

unleash: to suddenly let a strong force, emotion, etc. be felt or have an effect

adventure: an unusual, exciting or dangerous experience, journey or series of events

wilderness: a large area of land that has never been developed or used for growing crops because it is difficult to live there

trailblazer: a person who is the first to do or discover something and so makes it possible for others to follow

commingle: to mix two or more things together or to be mixed, especially when it is impossible for the things to be separated afterwards

adversarial: involving people who are in opposition and who argue against each other

possessive: not liking to lend things or share things with others

The very way that a man and a woman bring a child into the world is synergistic. The essence of synergy is to value differences --- to respect them, to build on strengths, to compensate for weaknesses.

男人和女人共同把孩子帶到這個世界的方式本身就充滿了協同效應。協同效應的本質在於重視差異──尊重彼此的不同，發揮各自的優勢，並彌補各自的不足。

Stephen R. Covey "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Translated by Microsoft Copilot and edited

int in C++

The <cstdint> header in C++ provides fixed-width integer types and other integer-related definitions. These types ensure that you have integers of specific sizes, which can be very useful for writing portable code that behaves consistently across different platforms.

Here are some of the key types and definitions provided by <cstdint>:

1. Fixed-width integer types:

• int8_t, uint8_t: 8-bit signed and unsigned integers.
• int16_t, uint16_t: 16-bit signed and unsigned integers.
• int32_t, uint32_t: 32-bit signed and unsigned integers.
• int64_t, uint64_t: 64-bit signed and unsigned integers.

Copilot for work

儲存量的幾何級數

1. Bit:

   • The smallest unit of data in computing.
   • Represents a binary value of either 0 or 1.

2. Byte:

   • Consists of 8 bits.
   • Commonly used to represent a single character of text.

3. Kilobyte (KB):

   • Approximately 1,024 bytes (2^10 bytes).

4. Megabyte (MB):

   • Approximately 1,024 kilobytes (2^20 bytes).

5. Gigabyte (GB):

   • Approximately 1,024 megabytes (2^30 bytes).

6. Terabyte (TB):

   • Approximately 1,024 gigabytes (2^40 bytes).

香港圖騰

維多利亞陶質嵌花地磚

(Victorian encaustic clay tile)

以上圖片在十五年前攝於香港大學本部大樓

Device: Sony Ericsson C510

Photo Cropped

Data Types of C++

In C++, an unsigned int is a data type that represents non-negative integers. Unlike a regular int, which can hold both positive and negative values, an unsigned int can only hold positive values and zero. This allows it to have a larger range of positive values compared to a signed int.

In C++, primitive data types are the most basic types of data that are built into the language. They serve as the foundation for more complex data structures.

In C++, floating-point types are used to represent real numbers that have fractional parts. They are particularly useful for scientific calculations, graphics, and any application where precision with decimal points is required.

In C++, the boolean type is represented by the keyword bool. A bool variable can hold one of two values: true or false. This type is commonly used in conditions, loops, and logical operations.

In C++, an array is a collection of elements of the same type stored in contiguous memory locations. Arrays are useful for storing multiple values in a single variable, which can be accessed using an index.

contiguous: touching or next to something

C++ also supports multidimensional arrays, such as 2D arrays. For example, int matrix[2][3] declares a 2D array with 2 rows and 3 columns.

In C++, a C-string is a sequence of characters stored in a character array and terminated by a null character ('\0'). C-strings are used for handling text and are compatible with C-style string functions.

C-style string functions are a set of functions provided by the C Standard Library for manipulating and handling C-strings (null-terminated character arrays).

In C++, std:: is a namespace prefix that stands for the Standard Namespace. Namespaces are used to organize code and prevent name conflicts, especially in large projects or when using libraries.

A namespace is an optionally named scope. You declare names inside a namespace as you would for a class or an enumeration. You can access names declared inside a namespace the same way you access a nested class name by using the scope resolution ( :: ) operator.

enumeration: a list of this sort

Use struct for simple data structures where you want all members to be public by default. Use class for more complex data structures where you need encapsulation and private members by default.

encapsulation: the act of expressing the most important parts of something in a few words, a small space or a single object

In C++, a union is a special data type that allows you to store different data types in the same memory location. Unlike struct, where each member has its own memory location, all members of a union share the same memory space. This means that at any given time, a union can hold only one of its members.

In C++, an enum (short for "enumeration") is a user-defined type that consists of a set of named integral constants. Enums are used to assign names to integral values, making the code more readable and maintainable.

std::cout: This is the standard output stream object in the C++ Standard Library. It is used to print data to the console.

<<: The stream insertion operator. It takes the data on its right and sends it to the output stream on its left.

In C++, void is a keyword used to specify that a function does not return a value. It can also be used to indicate that a function does not take any parameters or to declare a pointer to an unknown type.

In C++, a return value is the value that a function gives back to the part of the program that called it. The return value is specified in the function's return type and is provided using the return statement within the function.

Reference are immutable.

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不要太執著

acknowledgement: an act of accepting that something exists or is true, or that something is there

proponent: a person who supports an idea or course of action

tag along: to go somewhere with somebody, especially when you have not been asked or invited

unravel: if you unravel threads that are twisted, woven or knitted, or if they unravel, they become separated

enlightenment: knowledge about and understanding of something; the process of understanding something or making somebody understand it

bathroom: a room in which there is a bath, a washbasin and often a toilet

    It is hard to listen when you know you are right.

    當你知道自己是對的時候，傾聽就會變得很困難。

sergeant: a member of one of the middle ranks in the army and the air force, below an officer

inventory: a written list of all the objects, furniture, etc. in a particular building

impediment: something that delays or stops the progress of something

shutter: to have difficulty speaking because you cannot stop yourself from repeating the first sound of some words several times

quarterback: (in American football) the player who directs the team’s attacking play and passes the ball to other players at the start of each attack

devastated: extremely upset and shocked

huddle: ​a small group of people, objects or buildings that are close together, especially when they are not in any particular order

poised: in a position that is completely still but is ready to move at any moment

ego: your sense of your own value and importance

beat up: to hit or kick somebody hard, many times

vicariously: by watching or reading about somebody else doing something, rather than by doing it yourself

cart: to carry something in a cart or other vehicle

in retrospect: thinking about a past event or situation, often with a different opinion of it from the one you had at the time

    Sometimes your kids, spouse, or coworkers will make negative or irresponsible comments, and instead of talking it on and trying to resolve it, ignore that it was even uttered.

    有時候，孩子、配偶或同事會說些負面或不負責任的話。與其為此爭論或試圖解決問題，不如乾脆當作他們從未說過。

envision: to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards

Stephen R. Covey "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Translated by Microsoft Copilot and edited

For loop in C++

A for loop in C++ is used to repeat a block of code a specific number of times. Here's the basic syntax:

for (initialization; condition; increment) {
    // Code to be executed
}

Here's a simple example that prints numbers from 1 to 5:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
        cout << i << " ";
    }
    return 0;
}

In this example:

Initialization: int i = 1 sets the starting point.

Condition: i <= 5 checks if the loop should continue.

Increment: i++ increases the value of i after each iteration.

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木建築的防火設計

    雖然傳統觀念認為木結構建築易受火災威脅，但現代防火技術使其既保有自然美感，又能確保高度安全。透過利用木材的天然炭化效應、採用耐火塗層與高性能木材產品、結合自動滅火系統與防火分區設計，以及嚴格遵守建築法規，木結構建築在面對火災時可有效延緩燃燒進程並控制火勢蔓延。

    木材在遇火時，表面會先進行炭化反應，形成一層炭化層。這層炭化層在一定程度上起到隔熱保護的作用，可以延緩火勢向內部蔓延。

Microsoft Copilot

Summarized by blogger

被理解的勇氣

    Seeking to understand requires consideration; seeking to be understood takes courage.

想要理解別人需要體貼，想要被別人理解就需要勇氣。

    Ethos: your personal credibility

    Pathos: emotional connection

    Logos: logical reasoning

magnificent: extremely attractive and impressive; deserving praise

embody: to include or contain something

credibility: the quality that somebody/something has that makes people believe or trust them

validity: the state of being logical and true

acquaintance: a person that you know but who is not a close friend

grandiose: seeming very impressive but too large, complicated, expensive, etc. to be practical or possible

rhetoric: (formal, often disapproving) speech or writing that is intended to influence people, but that is not completely honest or sincere

soapbox: a small temporary platform that somebody stands on to make a speech in a public place, usually outdoors

    When you can present your own ideas clearly, specifically, visually, and most important, contextually --- in the context of a deep understanding of other people's paradigms and concerns --- you significantly increase the credibility of your ideas.

如果你能清晰、具體、生動地表達自己的想法，並且以深入了解他人的思維方式和關注點為背景來說明，那麼你的觀點就會更有說服力。

deplete: to reduce something by a large amount so that there is not enough left; to be reduced by a large amount

reverent: ​showing deep respect

discerning: able to show good judgement about the quality of somebody/something

dividend: great advantages or profits

fester: to become much worse because you do not deal with them successfully

    Make the human element as important as the financial or the technical element. You save tremendous amounts of time, energy, and money when you tap into the human resources of a business at every level.

將人性化因素看得和財務或技術因素一樣重要。當你在企業各個層面充分利用人力資源時，就能節省大量時間、精力和金錢。

    When we really, deeply understand each other, we open the door to creative solutions and third alternatives. Our differences are no longer stumbling blocks to communication and progress. Instead, they become the stepping-stones to synergy.

當我們真正理解彼此時，就能開啟創意解決方案和第三個選擇的大門。我們的差異不再是溝通與進步的障礙，而變成了邁向協同增效的墊腳石。

stumbling block: something that causes problems and prevents you from achieving your aim

Stephen R. Covey "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

Translated and rewrote by Microsoft Copilot

Edited by blogger

滑手機對腦部的影響

青少年常見的類似上癮的社群媒體使用 (addiction-like social media use, ASMU) 現象，與憂鬱和其他健康問題密切相關。本研究旨在探討大腦處理正向社交回饋的發展軌跡 (developmental trajectories of neural social feedback) 是否與後期青少年較高的ASMU水平有關。研究中，103名學生在6至9年級期間參加了1至3次功能性磁振造影 (fMRI) 掃描，期間完成了一個社交激勵延遲任務 (social incentive delay task)；大約兩年後 (10至11年級) 他們又進行了關於ASMU和憂鬱症狀的自我報告評估。

研究重點在於考察：

ASMU對大腦對正面社交回饋反應 (positive social feedback) 的影響：特別是在青春期過程中觀察大腦反應的變化。

大腦反應的發展變化與ASMU和憂鬱症狀之間的關係：同時分析了性別之間可能存在的差異。

主要發現是，在青春期期間，下列腦區的反應性逐漸降低：

腹內側前額葉皮質(ventral media prefrontal cortex)

中前額葉皮質(medial prefrontal cortex)

後扣帶皮層(posterior cingulate cortex)

右下額回(right inferior frontal gyrus)

這種反應性下降與兩年後較高的ASMU症狀有關。進一步的分析表明，對於女青少年來說，這種大腦反應性下降不僅會增加ASMU症狀，還會與憂鬱症狀的增加有關；而男青少年則未見明顯聯繫。

研究總結為：在青春期前，大腦對正向社交回饋可能會表現出過度敏感，但隨著青春期的發展，這種反應逐漸減弱，這個過程可能會增加晚期青少年出現類似上癮的社群媒體使用問題的風險。

Translated, summarized and simplified by Microsoft Copilot

Abstract

Addiction-like social media use (ASMU) is widely reported among adolescents and is associated with depression and other negative health outcomes. We aimed to identify developmental trajectories of neural social feedback processing that are linked to higher levels of ASMU in later adolescence. Within a longitudinal design, 103 adolescents completed a social incentive delay task during 1–3 fMRI scans (6–9th grade), and a 4th self-report assessment of ASMU and depressive symptoms ∼2 years later (10–11th grade). We assessed ASMU effects on brain responsivity to positive social feedback across puberty and relationships between brain responsivity development, ASMU symptoms, and depressive symptoms while considering gender effects. Findings demonstrate decreasing responsivity, across puberty, in the ventral media prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and right inferior frontal gyrus associated with higher ASMU symptoms over 2 years later. Significant moderated mediation models suggest that these pubertal decreases in brain responsivity are associated with increased ASMU symptoms which, among adolescent girls (but not boys), is in turn associated with increased depressive symptoms. Results suggest initial hyperresponsivity to positive social feedback, before puberty onset, and decreases in this response across development, may be risk factors for ASMU in later adolescence.

Flannery, J. (2024, February 9). Developmental changes in brain function linked with addiction-like social media use two years later | Social Cognitive and affective neuroscience | oxford academic. https://academic.oup.com/scan/article/19/1/nsae008/7604373

深度學習利用人工神經網路來處理資訊，模仿人類腦部的結構與功能。人工智能每分每秒都在成長進化，然而人類無時無刻都在滑手機，瀏覽社交媒體、觀看短片，浪費自身的腦部潛能。今天，在地下鐵車廂內，一位女生正在閱讀一本麥田出版的台版書。雖然我看不到書名，但她已經成為少眾。也許你會說在手機看網絡小說有什麼分別，有機會的話，我會跟您探討它們的分野，對腦部來說，有何分別。

等電池效能提升

一般來說，單反相機（DSLR）在電池持續能力上一般會優於無反相機，主要原因在於兩者在取景和顯示方式上的差異：

• 光學取景器 vs. 電子取景器/液晶屏 單反相機使用光學取景器，不需要持續耗電來顯示影像，而無反相機則通常依賴電子取景器（Electronic Viewfinder, EVF）或後方LCD屏進行取景，這就需要長時間持續供電，從而增加了電池消耗。

• 電池續航數據差異 根據各品牌及型號的測試（如CIPA標準測試）的數據：

  • DSLR：許多單反相機能夠提供約 800 到 1500 張左右的拍攝次數。例如，某些機型高達 1900 張左右。

  • 無反相機：很多無反機型的拍攝數大約在 300 到 600 張之間，雖然有些新型號會有所提升，但普遍仍低於同級別的單反。

• 使用情境的影響 實際使用時，若頻繁使用電子取景器、直播或錄影，無反相機的電池消耗會更快。而單反在使用傳統光學取景器時，電池壽命更長。此外，有些無反相機支援省電模式、休眠功能，但在需要實時預覽的情況下，耗電量仍難以和單反相比。

• 改進與補救 隨著技術進步，近年來無反相機的電池效能已有顯著改善，且可以透過使用電池手柄、攜帶備用電池等方式來彌補續航上的不足。

總結來說，如果你需要長時間外拍且不易充電，傳統單反可能會更有優勢；而如果你追求輕便、快速以及現代化的取景和對焦體驗，無反相機則能提供更多創新的功能，儘管在電池續航上相對較弱。

Microsoft Copilot

牙齒與牛奶

在牙齒因撞擊而脫落的情況下，將脫落的牙齒放在牛奶中確實是一個有用的急救措施。這個方法可以增加牙齒成功再植的機會，因為牛奶能夠維持牙根細胞的存活，保護牙周組織的完整性。

當牙齒意外脫落時，以下是建議的緊急處理步驟：

1. 保持冷靜，迅速行動：時間是關鍵，最好在30分鐘內尋求牙醫的協助。

2. 正確拿取牙齒：只觸碰牙冠部分（即牙齒露出在口腔中的部分），避免觸碰牙根，以免損傷牙周膜細胞。

3. 輕柔清潔：如果牙齒髒了，可以用乾淨的冷水輕輕沖洗，不要使用肥皂、刷子或任何化學清潔劑。切忌擦拭或刮除牙根部的組織。

4. 嘗試重新植入：如果可能，輕輕將牙齒放回原來的牙槽中，確保方向正確。用手指輕輕按壓，或者咬住乾淨的紗布或手帕固定。但如果感到疼痛或無法正確放置，不要勉強。

5. 保持牙齒濕潤：如果無法重新植入，將牙齒放入牛奶中保存。牛奶的酸鹼度和滲透壓適中，能為牙根細胞提供必要的養分，維持其活性。切勿將牙齒浸泡在自來水中，因為水中的氯和不適當的滲透壓會損害牙根細胞。

6. 立即就醫：儘快前往牙醫診所或急診室，告知他們你攜帶著脫落的牙齒，需要緊急處理。

為什麼選擇牛奶？

牛奶被視為一種理想的臨時保存介質，因為：

• 生理相容性：牛奶的滲透壓和酸鹼度接近體液，能維持牙周膜細胞的活性。

• 營養供給：牛奶中含有蛋白質和其他營養物質，有助於細胞存活。

• 便利性：牛奶通常在家中或附近容易取得。

如果沒有牛奶，也可以使用生理鹽水。如果以上都不具備，將牙齒放在自己的口腔內，靠近面頰的地方，以唾液保持濕潤也是一種選擇。但需注意，這對於年幼的孩子或有噎食風險的人並不適合。

時間至關重要

牙齒脫落後，成功再植的機會隨時間迅速下降。在一小時內就醫，牙齒再植的成功率最高。因此，迅速採取行動非常重要。

額外提示

• 避免自行處理：不要使用任何家庭偏方或延誤治療。

• 保護其他部位：如果嘴唇或牙齦也受傷，應該用乾淨的紗布輕壓止血。

這些措施主要適用於恆牙的脫落。對於乳牙，通常不建議重新植入，因為這可能影響恆牙的正常生長。

Microsoft Copilot

孫行者與哪吒

    在孫悟空大鬧天宮的情節中，哪吒奉玉帝之命，前去捉拿孫悟空。兩人都是具有非凡法力的英雄，戰鬥場面可以說是異常激烈。他們各自施展神通，哪吒使出了三頭六臂，手持火尖槍、乾坤圈等法寶；孫悟空則運用如意金箍棒和七十二變，與之對抗。最終，哪吒雖然英勇，但難以戰勝孫悟空，只得回天復命。

    他們的相遇不僅是力量的對決，更代表了不同價值的衝突。哪吒代表天庭的秩序和權威，而孫悟空則象徵著對自由和獨立的追求。這種對立讓故事更加深刻，也引發了讀者對權威與反叛、規則與自由的思考。

    值得一提的是，哪吒和孫悟空都有著桀騁不馴的性格和叛逆的經驗。哪吒曾經為救百姓而與龍王作對，甚至削肉還父、削骨還母，表達了對命運的不屈服；孫悟空更是從石猴一路成長，挑戰權威，追求長生不老。他們的故事都傳達了強烈的個人意志和對自我價值的認同。

    在一些後來的文學作品、影視劇和遊戲中，哪吒和孫悟空也常常被放在一起，被描繪成亦敵亦友的關係。他們的互動豐富了中國神話宇宙的世界觀，讓人們對這些經典角色有了更多的想像空間。

Microsoft Copilot

Null terminator in C++

In C++, a null terminator is a special character used to signify the end of a string. It is represented by the character '\0' (also known as the null character). When a string is stored in memory, the null terminator is added at the end to indicate where the string terminates. This is particularly important for functions that process strings, as they rely on the null terminator to know when to stop reading the string.

Here’s an example to illustrate:

#include <iostream>

#include <cstring>

int main() {

    char str[] = "Hello, world!";

    std::cout << "Length of the string: " << strlen(str) << std::endl; // Output: 13

    // Manually adding a null terminator

    char customStr[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

    std::cout << "Custom string: " << customStr << std::endl; // Output: Hello

    std::cout << "Length of the custom string: " << strlen(customStr) << std::endl; // Output: 5

    return 0;

}

In this example:

The string "Hello, world!" is automatically null-terminated by the compiler.

The array customStr is manually null-terminated by adding the character '\0' at the end.

The strlen function is used to calculate the length of the string up to, but not including, the null terminator.

Microsoft Copilot

auto in C++

In C++, the auto keyword is used for type inference, meaning the compiler will automatically deduce the type of the variable from its initializer. When you use auto* p, it declares a pointer p with the type inferred from the initializer. Here's an example:

#include <iostream>

int main() {

    int x = 42;

    auto* p = &x;  // p is deduced to be an int*

    std::cout << "Value of x: " << x << std::endl;  // Output: 42

    std::cout << "Value of p: " << *p << std::endl; // Output: 42

    return 0;

}

In this example:

int x = 42; initializes an integer variable x.

auto* p = &x; declares a pointer p and initializes it with the address of x. The type of p is deduced to be int*.

Using auto can make your code cleaner and easier to read by removing the need to explicitly state the type, especially in cases where the type is complex or verbose.

Microsoft Copilot

deduce: to form an opinion about something based on the information or evidence that is available

explicitly: clearly or directly, so that the meaning is easy to understand

verbose: using or containing more words than are needed

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

視野的差異

    As you learn to listen deeply to other people, you will discover tremendous differences in perception. You will also begin to appreciate the impact that these differences can have as people try to work together in interdependent situations.

    當你學會深入地傾聽他人時，你會發現人們對事物的感知有巨大的差異。你也會開始體會到，當人們在互相依賴的情況下嘗試合作時，這些差異會帶來怎樣的影響。

perception: (formal) an idea, a belief or an image you have as a result of how you see or understand something

transcend: to be or go beyond the usual limits of something

overwhelm: DJ[͵əuvəˋhwelm]

astounded: very surprised or shocked by something, because it seems very unlikely

Stephen R. Covey "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People"

Online Dictionaries Used:

hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com

www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com

深入傾聽的重要性：真正的傾聽不是簡單地聽到別人的話，而是理解他們的想法、情感和背後的原因。就像打開了一本新書，你發現了全新的故事和視野。

感知的巨大差異：每個人都有獨特的經驗、價值觀和信念，這些塑造了他們看待世界的方式。正因為如此，我們對同一件事物可能會有完全不同的看法。

這些差異的影響:

• 合作中的挑戰：在需要合作的環境中，感知的差異可能會導致誤解和衝突。如果不加以理解，團隊可能會陷入混亂。
• 創造力的來源：同時，這些差異也為創新和創意提供了豐富的土壤。不同的觀點碰撞在一起，往往能產生意想不到的成果。

相互依賴中的合作：現代社會中，沒有人是孤島。我們的行動和決定都會影響他人。理解並尊重彼此的差異，能夠建立更強大的合作關係，實現共同的目標。

延伸思考：

試著把人與人的交往想像成一幅拼圖，每個人手中都握著獨一無二的碎片。只有當我們願意傾聽、交流，才能將這些碎片拼合成完整的圖像。或許，你會發現，透過理解他人的視角，你不僅拓寬了自己的眼界，也為共同的事業增添了無盡的可能性。

Explained by Microsoft Copilot

籃球博彩

問︰香港政府一向鼓勵市民不要沉迷賭博，但為了應付財政赤字，政府考慮推出籃球博彩，試評論對香港青年的影響。

答︰政府一向倡導遠離賭博，但如今為了填補財政赤字，考慮推出籃球博彩，這確實引人深思。對於香港青年而言，這樣的政策可能帶來深遠的影響。

    籃球在年輕人中頗具人氣，將其與博彩結合，無疑增加賭博的吸引力。年輕人好奇心強，容易受同儕影響，籃球博彩的出現，可能使他們更容易接觸並沉迷於賭博活動。這不僅影響他們的財務狀況，還可能對心理健康造成負面影響。

    此外，賭博習慣的養成可能導致一系列社會問題。年輕人缺乏理財經驗，一旦陷入賭博泥潭，可能出現債務問題，進而影響家庭和社會和諧。

    然而，從另一個角度看，如果政府能夠制定嚴格的監管措施，加強對未成年人的保護，並透過教育提高年輕人對賭博風險的認識，或許可以減少負面影響。同時，博彩收入也可用於提升公共服務，為社會帶來益處。

    這樣的政策轉變，突顯財政壓力與社會責任之間的矛盾。政府需要憤重考慮，權衡利弊，確保在解決財政問題的同時，不會損害年輕一代的未來。

Microsoft Copilot

Summarized and edited

椛島光與人工智能的舊聞

    日本出版社集英社2023年趁人工智能熱潮創造虛擬模特兒五月愛，還幫她出寫真集，其臉蛋呆萌可愛，但被指極似女星淺倉唯（現改名為椛島光）而捱轟。這個事件在日本引起了廣泛關注，引發了公眾和業界的爭議。集英社其後宣布寫真集停售，承認對圍繞生成式 AI 的各種問題考慮不周。

    許多人認為，這種做法涉及肖像權和版權等法律問題，尤其是在未經本人同意的情況下，利用AI技術生成與真實藝人高度相似的形象。集英社表示，將更加慎重地對待AI技術的應用，避免類似問題再次發生。