Countercurrent Multiplication in the Loop of Henle
Countercurrent Oxygen Exchange in Fish Gills
2020年1月30日星期四
2020年1月29日星期三
2020年1月26日星期日
Similarity between SARS and 2019-nCoV
The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality.
No antiviral treatment for coronavirus infection has been proven to be effective. In a historical control study, the combination of lopinavir and ritonavir among SARS-CoV patients was associated with substantial clinical benefit (fewer adverse clinical outcomes).
Huang, C. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/fulltext
克力芝是一個復方製劑，包括「洛匹那韋」（lopinavir）和「利托那韋」（ritonavir）兩種成分。由於主要成分洛匹那韋（lopinavir），屬於蛋白酶抑製劑，主要通過和病毒蛋白酶結合抑制蛋白酶功能……而冠狀病毒的複製也需要病毒蛋白酶的作用。
Some viruses are highly contagious (like measles), while other viruses are less so. It’s not clear yet how easily 2019-nCoV spreads from person-to-person. It’s important to know this in order to better assess the risk posed by this virus. While CDC considers this is a very serious public health threat, based on current information, the immediate health risk from 2019-nCoV to the general American public is considered low at this time. Nevertheless, CDC is taking proactive preparedness precautions.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/summary.html
SARS-CoV is thought to be transmitted most readily by respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Droplet spread can happen when droplets from the cough or sneeze of an infected person are propelled a short distance (generally up to 3 feet) through the air and deposited on the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, or eyes of persons who are nearby. The virus also can spread when a person touches a surface or object contaminated with infectious droplets and then touches his or her mouth, nose, or eye(s). In addition, it is possible that SARS-CoV might be spread more broadly through the air (airborne spread) or by other ways that are not now known.
https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/faq.html
2020年1月24日星期五
2020年1月21日星期二
代價
反送中的影響深遠，其中精神病個案的飆升是一大隱憂。如果說香港人患上抑鬱症 (Depression) 或創傷後壓力症候群 (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) ，痊癒後會增加其堅韌度 (Strength) 與抗逆力 (Resilience)，是對 mental illness 的一大誤解，而且是一個很大的代價。精神病患者需要接受藥物和心理治療，可能是一輩子的事。精神病康復者有復發的機會，自行停藥或不戒酒的話機會更大。就算是按時服藥、按醫生指示逐步減藥，藥物副作用亦會直接影響病人的生活。對於政府，會增加醫療開支及降低社會生產力；對於病人，反覆無常的病情是人生的一種煎熬。
圖片︰Shutterstock
oxygen therapy
A Venturi mask mixes oxygen with room air, creating high-flow enriched oxygen of a desired concentration.
https://www.rtmagazine.com/
The non-rebreathing oxygen mask enables the delivery of high concentrations of oxygen
https://www.nursingtimes.net/
A nasal cannula is an oxygen delivery device frequently used by patients with COPD. It may be used in a hospital, at home, or on-the-go (隨時隨地).
https://www.verywellhealth.com/
https://www.rtmagazine.com/
The non-rebreathing oxygen mask enables the delivery of high concentrations of oxygen
https://www.nursingtimes.net/
A nasal cannula is an oxygen delivery device frequently used by patients with COPD. It may be used in a hospital, at home, or on-the-go (隨時隨地).
https://www.verywellhealth.com/
結構進化
Folds in the cerebral cortex in mammals are believed to be indispensable (不可或缺的) for higher brain functions but the mechanisms underlying cortical folding remain unknown.
The fold (protrusion) of the cerebral cortex surface. The gyrus (腦回) is thought to have been developed in the process of evolution. The gyrus allows accommodation of a large number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, which has had much to do with development of higher brain functions.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/
The fold (protrusion) of the cerebral cortex surface. The gyrus (腦回) is thought to have been developed in the process of evolution. The gyrus allows accommodation of a large number of neurons in the cerebral cortex, which has had much to do with development of higher brain functions.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/
新華社
MBE
Member of the Order of the British Empire
The First United Front, also known as the KMT–CPC Alliance, was formed in 1924 as an alliance to end warlordism in China.
The Second United Front was the alliance between KMT and CPC to resist the Japanese invasion during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
After the column's repatriation to Yantai, Shandong, in June 1946, the Liaison Office was renamed the Hong Kong Branch of the Xinhua News Agency, headed by Huang Zuomei and subsequently by Qiao Guanhua and his wife, Gong Peng, in 1947.
Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Member of the Order of the British Empire
The First United Front, also known as the KMT–CPC Alliance, was formed in 1924 as an alliance to end warlordism in China.
The Second United Front was the alliance between KMT and CPC to resist the Japanese invasion during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
After the column's repatriation to Yantai, Shandong, in June 1946, the Liaison Office was renamed the Hong Kong Branch of the Xinhua News Agency, headed by Huang Zuomei and subsequently by Qiao Guanhua and his wife, Gong Peng, in 1947.
Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
2020年1月14日星期二
Ephemeral behavior
Bears prefer to eat the skin, brain, and eggs when fish are in abundance...When salmon are not abundant or hard to catch then bears will not be as selective and will most often eat the whole fish.
nps.gov
nps.gov
闌尾炎的成因
首先，盲腸是俗稱，闌尾才是學名。第二，吃飽行得急不會是闌尾炎的成因，因為此刻食物最盡都是到達小腸。當然，吃得太飽不宜快走。
1) Blockage of the opening inside the appendix.
2) Enlarged tissue in the wall of your appendix, caused by infection in the gastrointestinal tract or elsewhere in your body.
3) Inflammatory bowel disease.
4) Stool, parasites, or growths that can clog your appendiceal lumen.
5) Trauma to your abdomen.
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/appendicitis/symptoms-causes
延伸閱讀︰
闌尾的功能
https://samson-lau.blogspot.com/search?q=appendix
1) Blockage of the opening inside the appendix.
2) Enlarged tissue in the wall of your appendix, caused by infection in the gastrointestinal tract or elsewhere in your body.
3) Inflammatory bowel disease.
4) Stool, parasites, or growths that can clog your appendiceal lumen.
5) Trauma to your abdomen.
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/appendicitis/symptoms-causes
延伸閱讀︰
闌尾的功能
https://samson-lau.blogspot.com/search?q=appendix
Transpiration
Transpiration is the loss of water of a plant, mainly through the stomata of leaves. Stomata consist of two guard cells that form a small pore on the surfaces of leaves. The guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata in response to various environmental stimuli. Darkness, internal water deficit, and extremes of temperature tend to close stomata and decrease transpiration; illumination, ample water supply, and optimum temperature open stomata and increase transpiration. The exact significance of transpiration is disputed; its roles in providing the energy to transport water in the plant and in aiding in heat dissipation in direct sunlight (by cooling through evaporation of water) have been challenged. Stomatal openings are necessary to admit carbon dioxide to the leaf interior and to allow oxygen to escape during photosynthesis, hence transpiration has been considered by some authorities to be merely an unavoidable phenomenon that accompanies the real functions of the stomata.
Guard cells are the only epidermal cells that can make sugar.
www.britannica.com
2020年1月13日星期一
layers of surgical mask
A good quality surgical mask generally has a three-ply layer with the innermost layer used for absorbing moisture, the middle layer is a filter and outermost layer repels water.
https://www.healthhub.sg/live-healthy/1509/how-to-buy-a-mask-that-fits
https://www.healthhub.sg/live-healthy/1509/how-to-buy-a-mask-that-fits
Comparison of energy drink
Coca-Cola Energy contains caffeine from naturally-derived sources, guarana extracts and B vitamins, and completely taurine-free.
Celsius is not recommended for people sensitive to caffeine, children under the age of 18, or women who are pregnant or nursing.
Taurine in Red Bull is produced synthetically by pharmaceutical companies, which guarantees highest quality standards.
Monster ingredients are not listed on the official website.
Taurine: According to the Mayo Clinic, taurine is an amino acid that's naturally found in a number of foods. It plays an important role in many of the metabolic processes but little is known regarding the effects of long-term supplemental use.
Guarana Extract: According to an April 2015 study published in Public Library of Science One, guarana is a plant native to the Amazon. The seeds contain about four times the natural caffeine in coffee beans, and when combined with caffeine from other sources, guarana provides additional stimulation.
https://www.livestrong.com/article/297117-ingredients-in-monster-energy-drinks/
Celsius is not recommended for people sensitive to caffeine, children under the age of 18, or women who are pregnant or nursing.
Taurine in Red Bull is produced synthetically by pharmaceutical companies, which guarantees highest quality standards.
Monster ingredients are not listed on the official website.
Taurine: According to the Mayo Clinic, taurine is an amino acid that's naturally found in a number of foods. It plays an important role in many of the metabolic processes but little is known regarding the effects of long-term supplemental use.
Guarana Extract: According to an April 2015 study published in Public Library of Science One, guarana is a plant native to the Amazon. The seeds contain about four times the natural caffeine in coffee beans, and when combined with caffeine from other sources, guarana provides additional stimulation.
https://www.livestrong.com/article/297117-ingredients-in-monster-energy-drinks/
2020年1月8日星期三
社區型肺炎
社區型肺炎是指於醫療環境以外感染的肺炎。它可以由細菌（如肺炎鏈球菌、肺炎支原體）或與呼吸道病毒一起引致。
患者可能有咳嗽、發燒、呼吸時胸痛、氣促和產生痰涎。
https://icidportal.ha.org.hk/Home/File?path=/ASP%20in%20PC%20-%20Guidance%20Notes/patient_information_sheet_community_acquired_pneumonia.pdf
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common infectious diseases and is an important cause of mortality and morbidity (發病) worldwide. Typical bacterial pathogens that cause CAP include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. However, with the advent (出現) of novel (嶄新) diagnostic technologies, viral respiratory pathogens are increasingly being identified as frequent etiologies (病原) of CAP. The most common viral pathogens recovered from hospitalized patients admitted with CAP include human rhinovirus (鼻病毒) and influenza.
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/234240-overview
患者可能有咳嗽、發燒、呼吸時胸痛、氣促和產生痰涎。
https://icidportal.ha.org.hk/Home/File?path=/ASP%20in%20PC%20-%20Guidance%20Notes/patient_information_sheet_community_acquired_pneumonia.pdf
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common infectious diseases and is an important cause of mortality and morbidity (發病) worldwide. Typical bacterial pathogens that cause CAP include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. However, with the advent (出現) of novel (嶄新) diagnostic technologies, viral respiratory pathogens are increasingly being identified as frequent etiologies (病原) of CAP. The most common viral pathogens recovered from hospitalized patients admitted with CAP include human rhinovirus (鼻病毒) and influenza.
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/234240-overview
2020年1月6日星期一
聲樂心理治療
小時候，時常不明白為何電視台有這麼多音樂節目。人長大後，便覺得香港的年青人心裡充滿空虛，成年人內心充斥唏噓。閱讀以外，音樂正是填補無力感的其中一道良方。
音樂有極多種類。古典、交響樂公認良品，但喜歡的人不多，小弟亦不懂得欣賞。搖滾樂有忘憂之能，到今天仍主導音樂發展。外國老舊的情歌，也不錯。聽得太多出自香港的傷心情歌，人只會墮進深淵，而歌曲中總會有一兩句讓我們感到戚戚然。聽得太多 heavy metal、rap、粗口歌會增強我們對社會的控訴性。所以，音樂有好的影響，也有壞。
我們這般八十後，中學時期正是香港樂壇的多產期，多產導致旋律千篇一律，加上粵語歌詞的創作比起普通話困難，作詞人多欠缺文學修養，歌詞總是言不通、語不順。當時，香港樂壇出現不少所謂的偶像派，只有最紅最紫的歌手才會有較優秀的班底，而好的作品更是少得可憐。雖然是少得可憐，但總比沒有好。
人長大後，聽到的音樂廣泛了，聽的不局限於廣東話歌。有時會聽不懂美式英語、聽不明日文歌，但單單是旋律已經讓我忘卻。「世界也許假的，聲音是真的」，說起來很 Matrix、很科幻。在今天的香港，音樂是處方藥物的良伴，深信能夠抗鬱抑躁，但選曲當然要小心，盡可能多元化。
音樂有極多種類。古典、交響樂公認良品，但喜歡的人不多，小弟亦不懂得欣賞。搖滾樂有忘憂之能，到今天仍主導音樂發展。外國老舊的情歌，也不錯。聽得太多出自香港的傷心情歌，人只會墮進深淵，而歌曲中總會有一兩句讓我們感到戚戚然。聽得太多 heavy metal、rap、粗口歌會增強我們對社會的控訴性。所以，音樂有好的影響，也有壞。
我們這般八十後，中學時期正是香港樂壇的多產期，多產導致旋律千篇一律，加上粵語歌詞的創作比起普通話困難，作詞人多欠缺文學修養，歌詞總是言不通、語不順。當時，香港樂壇出現不少所謂的偶像派，只有最紅最紫的歌手才會有較優秀的班底，而好的作品更是少得可憐。雖然是少得可憐，但總比沒有好。
人長大後，聽到的音樂廣泛了，聽的不局限於廣東話歌。有時會聽不懂美式英語、聽不明日文歌，但單單是旋律已經讓我忘卻。「世界也許假的，聲音是真的」，說起來很 Matrix、很科幻。在今天的香港，音樂是處方藥物的良伴，深信能夠抗鬱抑躁，但選曲當然要小心，盡可能多元化。
良莠不齊
When I (Chan Sui-jeung, the book writer) interviewed K.M.A. Barnett some forty years after Victory over Japan Day (VJ Day), he was still full of praise and admiration for the soldiers of the East River Column. He was dismissive (輕蔑的) of my remarks about "the Communist guerrillas" by saying that these were "the real sons and daughters of Hong Kong who took up arms to defend their homes. Their courage and sacrifice were admirable. The Communists only provided leadership and organization skill". According to him, there were two lots of Chinese soldiers operating near the border. The KMT (國民黨) occupied the area from Man Kam To (文錦渡) to the west and in his opinion did not do any fighting during the war. After VJ Day, they were mostly interested in looting (搶劫). The other group was the Hong Kong and Kowloon Independent Brigade of the East River Column. Despite their Communist ideology, this group co-operated with the British officials courteously (有禮貌地)and reasonably...
...Barnett was deeply impressed by the discipline and conduct of the East River guerrillas who were occupying Shataukok. Despite their strong national and patriotic feelings, the guerrillas co-operated fully with the British military forces...
...While the main body of the Hong Kong and Kowloon Independent Brigade of the East River Column left the territory and moved north of the border in September 1945, there were isolated pockets that were not eager to depart and were hiding in places such as hills near Shataukok, Lantau Island and urban Kowloon, until 8 November 1945. There were also other people who claimed to be soldiers of the brigade who demanded protection money from shops and cinemas in urban Hong Kong and Kowloon. The military government could not verify their claims and credentials (憑據)...One senior cadre of the column's headquarters told me that he was not all surprised that there were unsavory (討厭的) types among them, as there were six detachments and the headquarters had little control over them. Indeed, the detachments had not always been careful when recruiting their soldiers during the war.
Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
...Barnett was deeply impressed by the discipline and conduct of the East River guerrillas who were occupying Shataukok. Despite their strong national and patriotic feelings, the guerrillas co-operated fully with the British military forces...
...While the main body of the Hong Kong and Kowloon Independent Brigade of the East River Column left the territory and moved north of the border in September 1945, there were isolated pockets that were not eager to depart and were hiding in places such as hills near Shataukok, Lantau Island and urban Kowloon, until 8 November 1945. There were also other people who claimed to be soldiers of the brigade who demanded protection money from shops and cinemas in urban Hong Kong and Kowloon. The military government could not verify their claims and credentials (憑據)...One senior cadre of the column's headquarters told me that he was not all surprised that there were unsavory (討厭的) types among them, as there were six detachments and the headquarters had little control over them. Indeed, the detachments had not always been careful when recruiting their soldiers during the war.
Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
N95 fit test
許樹昌於 HK01 專訪說，N95口罩則較適合預防如肺癆等經空氣傳播的傳染病，也較適合醫護人員等專業人士佩戴，「因為N95口罩封到咁密，呼出嘅二氧化碳呼唔晒，會吸返自己嘅二氧化碳，當血嘅二氧化碳含量高，個頭就會痛。」
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