醣與糖

Carbohydrates (醣) include but not limited to:

Glucose (葡萄糖, Monosaccharide)

Maltose (麥芽糖, Disaccharide, Glucose + Glucose)

Fructose (果糖, Monosaccharide)

Sucrose (蔗糖, Disaccharide, Glucose + Fructose)

Galactose (半乳糖, Monosaccharide)

Lactose (乳糖, Disaccharide, Glucose + Galactose)

Oligosaccharide: any carbohydrate of from three to six units of simple sugars (monosaccharides)

Starch (澱粉, Polysaccharide)

Cellulose (纖維素, Polysaccharide)

Headliner

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肌肉與運動

Exercise that is relatively low intensity but long duration (popularly called "aerobic exercise"), such as running or swimming, produces increases in the number of mitochondria in the fibers that are recruited in this type of activity. In addition, the number of capillaries around these fibers also increases. All these changes lead to an increase in the capacity for endurance activity with a minimum of fatigue. (Surprisingly, fiber diameter decreases slightly, and thus there is a small decrease in the maximal strength of muscles as a result of endurance training.) As we will see in later chapters, endurance exercise produces changes not only skeletal muscles but also in the respiratory and circulatory systems, changes that improve the delivery of oxygen and fuel molecules to the muscle.

The structure of actin and myosin filaments

Myofibrils

Image: https://www.britannica.com

In contrast, short-duration, high-intensity exercise (popularly called "strength training"), such as weight lifting, affects primarily the fast-glycolytic fibers, which are recruited during strong contractions. These fibers undergo an increase in fiber diameter (hypertrophy) due to increased synthesis of actin and myosin filaments, which form more myofibrils. In addition, glycolytic activity is increased by increasing the synthesis of glycolytic enzymes. The result of such high-intensity exercise is an increase in the strength of the muscle and bulging muscles of a conditioned weight lifter. Such muscles, although very powerful, have little capacity for endurance, and they fatigue rapidly.

Widmaier, E.P., & Raff, H. (2008). Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Fast-glycolytic fibers have relatively fast contractions and primarily use anaerobic glycolysis.

bulging: swollen with contents

Enhancing cardiovascular fitness can lead to substantial health benefits. High-intensity interval training (HIT) is an efficient way to develop cardiovascular fitness, yet comparisons between this type of training and traditional endurance training are equivocal.

equivocal: uncertain as an indication or sign

Endurance training and HIT both elicit large improvements in the VO2max of healthy, young to middle-aged adults, with the gains in VO2max being greater following HIT when compared with endurance training.

VO2max: maximal oxygen consumption

Milanović, Z. (2015). Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Springer Link, 45, 1469–1481.

Growth in cell numbers is limited to the prenatal and immediately postnatal period, with the animals and man being born with or soon reaching their full complement of muscle cells.

Pearson, A. M. (1990). Muscle growth and exercise. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 29(3), 167-196. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10408399009527522

complement: the full quantity, number, or assortment needed or included

Norbert the Norwegian Ridgeback

Rhodesian ridgeback: any of an African breed of powerful long-bodied hunting dogs having a dense harsh short tan coat with a characteristic crest of reversed hair along the spine

The dog growled at the stranger.

stutter: to speak with involuntary disruption or blocking of speech

nag: to speak with involuntary disruption or blocking of speech

snap: to utter sharp biting words

forget-me-not: any of a genus (Myosotis) of small herbs of the borage family having usually bright blue or white flowers usually arranged in a curving spike

shuffle: to move about, back and forth, or from one place to another

outlaw: to make illegal

tame: to reduce from a wild to a domestic state

stifle: to be or become unable to breathe easily

frown: to contract the brow in displeasure or concentration

twitch: quiver

beam: to smile with joy

enchantment: a magic spell

fiddle: to move the hands or fingers restlessly

crouch: to lower the body stance especially by bending the legs

hatch: to emerge from an egg

stoke: to poke or stir up (a fire, flames, etc.) : supply with fuel

trowel: a scoop-shaped or flat-bladed garden tool for taking up and setting small plants

bate: decrease

scrape: to draw roughly or noisily over a surface

flop: to throw or move oneself in a heavy, clumsy, or relaxed manner

crumple: to press, bend, or crush out of shape

snout: a long projecting nose

bulging: swelling or thrusting out from a surrounding or adjacent surface

fang: a long sharp tooth

bolt: to move suddenly or nervously

lurk: to persist in staying

misty: tearful

fortnight: two weeks

dump: to let (something) fall in or as if in a heap or mass

chime: to cause to sound musically by striking

crate: an open box of wooden slats or a usually wooden protective case or framework for shipping

hoarse: rough or harsh in sound

boarhound: a large dog used in hunting wild boars

rattle: to make a rapid succession of short sharp noises

sob: to cry or weep with convulsive catching of the breath

heave: lift

flare: to shine with a sudden light

tartan: a plaid textile design of Scottish origin consisting of stripes of varying width and color usually patterned to designate a distinctive clan

hairnet: a net worn over the hair to keep it in place

chuckle: to laugh inwardly or quietly

thrash: to beat soundly with or as if with a stick or whip

cheery: marked by cheerfulness or good spirits

harness: the equipment other than a yoke of a draft animal

buckle: to become fastened with a buckle

loom: to appear in an impressively great or exaggerated form

Dictionary used: https://www.merriam-webster.com

洛東

東山 Higashiyama

Kiyomizu Temple︰清水寺

Gion︰祇園

舞妓是日本藝妓在見習階段時名稱。

Maiko (Apprentice Geisha)

Another regional term for Geisha with a slightly different meaning is Geiko, a term used to describe Geisha in Western Japan, including Kyoto.

So Kon Po 掃桿埔

維園老樹幹有個樹洞聽你心事

聖馬利亞堂

St. Mary's Church

重建中的聖保祿醫院

基督君王小堂

Christ the King Chapel

中華基督教會聖光堂

香港大球場

Hong Kong Stadium

小思︰「一九四八年五四紀念，在香港的中國文化人，隱隱然已察覺中國大地快進入一個火紅的年代，千多人聚在孔聖堂裡，坐著站著，聽茅盾、郭沫若演講。」

保良局

Spurrier (2016) wrote, "This charitable group was originally founded in 1878 to stop the trade in mui tsai, or servant girls."

聖瑪加利大堂

St. Margaret's Church

維多利亞城界碑

City Boundary Stone

蓮花宮

管教問題

上次外甥女到公公婆婆屋企食飯，發生一段小插曲。當我返家時，大家已經吃完晚餐。公公婆婆前幾日睇中醫，餅乾罐有兩三筒山楂餅。我眼見地上有山楂餅包裝紙碎，便道︰「地上有紙屑，誰弄出來的？」正在吃山楂餅的外甥女沒有理會我，隔一會姐夫拾起紙屑放在臺面上，而不是直接掉進垃圾桶。

有次聽阿媽講︰「阿女、女婿和孫女番來吃飯，成日煮沙巴龍躉(按︰中價魚)都有點悶，有一次買了一尾游水黃花。阿女以為魚脊附近沒有魚骨，便夾給孫女吃。孫女食到有幼骨即吐，阿女、女婿不覺得有什麼問題。」如果我在場，應該會說一兩句。不理平貴，浪費食物，始終不對。

外甥女快六歲了，一直由印傭和任職保險的姐夫照顧，家姐在家工作那段期間才多了參與。我覺得，自理能力、禮貌有時比起上哪間名校、鋼琴彈奏得多動聽更加重要。