Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

In approximately one half of men 50 years and older, the prostate gland enlarges, extending upward into the bladder and obstructing the outflow of urine by encroaching (侵佔) on the vesical orifice.

The hypertrophied lobes of the prostate may obstruct the vesical neck or prostatic urethra, causing incomplete emptying of the bladder and urinary retention. As a result, a gradual dilation of the ureters and kidneys can occur. Urinary tract infections may result from urinary stasis. Urine remaining in the urinary tract serves as a medium for infective organisms.

The obstructive and irritative symptoms associated with BPH include increased frequency of urination, nocturia, urgency, hesitancy in starting urination, abdominal straining with urination, a decrease in the volume and force of the urinary stream, interruption of the urinary stream, dribbling (urine dribbles out after urination), a sensation that the bladder has not been completely emptied, acute urinary retention (more than 60 mL of urine remaining in the bladder after urination), and recurrent urinary tract infections. Ultimately, azotemia (accumulation of nitrogenous waste products) and renal failure can occur with chronic urinary retention and large residual volumes.

If the patient is admitted on an emergency basis because he cannot void, he is immediately catheterized. The ordinary catheter may be too soft and pliable to advance through the urethra into the bladder.

Pharmacologic treatment for BPH includes use of alpha-adrenergic blockers (e.g. terazosin [Hytrin]). They relax the smooth muscle of the bladder neck and prostate.

Other treatment options for BPH include transurethral incision of the prostate, balloon dilation, transurethral laser resection, transurethral needle ablation, and microwave thermotherapy.

"Watchful waiting" in which patients are monitored periodically for severity of symptoms, physical findings, laboratory tests, and diagnostic urologic tests, is the appropriate treatment for many patients, because the likelihood of progression of the disease or the development of complications is unknown.

Smeltzer, S.C., & Bare, B.G. (2008). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia, PA: LWW

活的方法

「享安樂易，處困厄難，在亂世，必須尋找一種活得下去的辦法。」

錯重點

兩天前，臉書洗板。各方好友表示不會因交通問題而割蓆。但問題已經不是交通那麼簡單。再甚者，已不是飯碗、生計的問題。問題已到了擦槍走火、人命關天的地步。科大學生不幸離世，半城哀悼。七旬老翁中磚不治，無人關注。雖然兩宗案件仍未查明，但是關注程度明顯與立場掛鉤。現在藍絲與警察的暴力不割蓆，黃絲與黑衣示威者的暴力不割蓆。政府出了「愛比暴力強、與暴力割席」的口號，示威者卻認為革命要流血。個人主張引發輿論戰，因為正義在推動革命的一方，因為暴力讓我們理虧。現在，已經不是1911。

柏林與北京的分野

盧老師︰「曾幾何時，在距離你很遙遠的東方，人們用不同的語言呼喊著人類的共同口號。明明白白知道這是一條艱難的道路，必須走，因為這也正是人要活得更好的必經之途。他們願意付出生命和血，但並不預計有人會那麼輕易取去。在你缺口前後的人群，走得太容易了，容易得如從夢中醒來，就看見繁花似錦。為什麼？為什麼在遙遠的東方，路卻那麼難走？一場血的教訓，叫人不再輕率地快樂起來，甚至不再天真以為人民的力量可以抵擋坦克。」

仁者無敵

While the Independent Brigade was anxious to eliminate traitors (叛徒) and collaborators (通敵者) with the Japanese, such as the Japanese interpreters, there was evidently a policy of dealing leniently (仁慈地) and humanely (人道地) with lesser traitors. One report filed by a British Army Aid Group member who personally witnessed the capture of six bandits (土匪) and collaborators in Tai Po in June 1942, described how he was surprised by the lenient treatment. He fully anticipated that they would be summarily (即刻) executed. Instead, this group of six was given a stern (嚴厲的) lecture on their "unpatriotic conduct". The six were genuinely reduced to tears (使哭了起來). They were given some money for travelling expense and released. They were told to return to their original home, be it north of Shenzhen in China or Japanese-occupied Hong Kong. It seemed that the policy was that, as long as such bandits or collaborators had not killed any Chinese, they were treated more leniently. The treatment meted out to (予以) Japanese prisoners of war was equally humane. Once they were captured, they were repatriated to the safe sanctuary (收容所) of the column, somewhere in Luofu Mountain (羅浮山) in Dongguan. Again, they were lectured on the "evils and crimes of the Japanese Imperial Government" and told that "the Japanese and Chinese peoples should never be at war".

Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

偏見？

有兩個國家，在近代史上，對我們威脅最大，一個是日本，一個是蘇聯。多少年來，他們在我國土地上，發動不同形式的侵略「戰爭」；銷蝕了多少我們的血肉精華，我們要看出他們的野心、缺點。

content of training

Being conversant in Chinese, Captain Ronald Holmes read the newspaper published by the column's headquarters, Qianjin Bao《前進報》, and sat in on their daily lecture or indoctrination (灌輸). To his surprise, he found very little evidence of Communist propaganda. The troops were given a lecture every afternoon, always by a practised speaker, who was obviously the political commissar. But the contents of the talks were mostly lessons on guerrilla tactics, sometimes of an exhortation (告誡) in general terms. He had never heard anything in the nature of political propaganda. Nor did he find anything of this nature in Qianjin Bao.

Chan, S.J. (2014). East River Column -- Hong Kong Guerrillas in the Second World War and After. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.