林則徐友人魏源，應林氏之請，於1843年編纂一部向國人介紹世界大勢的巨著《海國圖志》，凡五十卷；以林則徐主持編譯的《四洲志》（1841年於廣州刊行）為藍本，兼採當時於廣州發行的翻譯書報為參考，務求讓中國知識分子透徹了解西方國家的歷史、地理、政治、軍事、社會，以至文化等等方面的發展面貌，藉以一新國民耳目。
值得一提的是，《海國圖志》刊行以後，迅即東傳日本，對日本知識分子造成極大震撼。未幾，日本發生「培里叩關」事件，造成「開國」、「倒幕」及「維新」等一連串國家運動。明治維新為日本帶來魔法般的激變，從此成為世界強國， 與《海國圖志》東傳實在關係密切。
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明太祖雖然在統治期間，不惜以重典及血腥屠殺穩定社會與集中權力， 但在晚年確立較為寬厚而穩定的中典治國原則，大大減少政治的清算，而且血腥的肉刑及錦衣衛秘密刺探臣民等非常之治國措施，亦多被廢除。他更獎勵氣節，重用文臣。繼位的皇太孫朱允炆，繼續洪武晚期的寬政取向，並且廣開言路，大刀闊斧改革洪武時代針對鞏固統治而作出的臨時性措施，政治上瀰漫著一股寬厚的文治精神，其年號「建文（ 即建立文治）」便反映了這種政綱。若其統治能繼續下去，明代以江南為中心，寬厚而文治的發展方向，必然與靖難之變後的管治格局相當不同。而明成祖朱棣對明清專制政治的重要性，便不能低估了。
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beat-up: decayed, deteriorated, or fallen into partial ruin especially through neglect or misuse
swanky: show off
Dixieland: jazz music in duple time usually played by a small band and characterized by ensemble and solo improvisation
duple: marked by two or a multiple of two beats per measure of music
improvise: to compose, recite, play, or sing extemporaneously
extemporaneous: composed, performed, or uttered on the spur of the moment
whorehouse: a building in which prostitutes are available
record: something on which sound or visual images have been recorded
sidewalk: a usually paved walk for pedestrians at the side of a street
curb: or British kerb : an edging (as of concrete) built along a street to form part of a gutter
gutter: a trough along the eaves to catch and carry off rainwater
hum: to utter a sound like that of the speech sound \m\ prolonged
screech: a high shrill piercing cry usually expressing pain or terror
mob: to crowd into or around
paramount: superior to all others
Capitol: the building in which the U.S. Congress meets at Washington
get off: leave
buzz: a telephone call
Stradlater is Holden's roommate at Pencey. His presence in the novel serves to highlight some of Holden's psychological issues, and particularly his unspoken issues with sexuality.
Stradlater, Holden's super-sexual roommate, goes on a date with Jane. Holden, and readers, infer that Stradlater and Jane have sex, which is heartbreaking to Holden.
phone booth: a very small room or enclosed structure with a public telephone in it
hang up: to replace (a telephone receiver) on the cradle so that the connection is broken
drool: to make an effusive show of pleasure or often envious or covetous appreciation
effusive: marked by the expression of great or excessive emotion or enthusiasm
covetous: having a craving for possession
the Lunts Alfred Lunt (1893-1977) and Lynn Fontanne (1887-1983) , husband and wife, were revered stage actors of the day, often performing together.
rave: to talk irrationally in or as if in delirium
spoil: to impair the disposition or character of by overindulgence or excessive praise
disposition: prevailing tendency, mood, or inclination
indulgence: an extension of time for payment or performance granted as a favor
DB is Holden's older brother is a screenwriter in Hollywood. He used to write great stories—so great, in fact, that Holden credits him (twice) with being his favorite writer. DB is the height of phoniness in Holden's mind because he's sacrificed his art (writing stories) for money (writing screenplays).
氯己定是外用抗菌劑。除可抑菌外，也可殺滅一般細菌。它可以用於消毒患者的皮膚和醫療人員的手部。它還用於清潔傷口，防止牙菌斑，治療口腔酵母感染，並預防導尿管阻塞。
Chlorhexidine is a disinfectant and antiseptic, which is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to sterilize surgical instruments. It is also used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of the mouth, and to keep urinary catheters from blocking.
