Why do magnets act the way they do? The question is both simple and complicated, with some parts of it yet to be truly understood...Electromagnetism is one of the four basic forces in the universe: electromagnetism, gravity, and strong and weak nuclear forces. It describes the force that's the result of the interaction between two charged particles...After all, thinking about some of the theoretical implications of electromagnetism led Albert Einstein to develop special relativity in 1905...Magnets are also attracted to nickel and cobalt, and a few other rare-earth elements.
kjmagnetics.com
Even though an atom's electrons don't move very far, their movement is enough to create a tiny magnetic field. Since paired electrons spin in opposite directions, their magnetic fields cancel one another out. Atoms of ferromagnetic elements, on the other hand, have several unpaired electrons that have the same spin. Iron, for example, has four unpaired electrons with the same spin. Because they have no opposing fields to cancel their effects, these electrons have an orbital magnetic moment. The magnetic moment is a vector -- it has a magnitude and a direction. It's related to both the magnetic field strength and the torque that the field exerts. A whole magnet's magnetic moments come from the moments of all of its atoms.
science.howstuffworks.com
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