Partial metering is especially useful when photographing a backlit subject because it prioritizes exposure on the subject itself, ensuring they aren’t rendered too dark against a bright background. The trade-off is that the background often becomes overexposed, but this can be used creatively.
逆光攝影（Backlit Photography）是指將主光源（通常是太陽或燈光）置於主體正後方的一種佈光方式。這種技巧能為照片增添戲劇感、層次感和一種夢幻般的視覺效果。
Microsoft Copilot
Google Search Engine AI Mode
int('100', 2)
means: convert the string '100' into an integer, interpreting it as a binary number.
A floating point error usually refers to the small inaccuracies that occur when computers represent and calculate with decimal numbers.
from decimal import Decimal, getcontextThe decimal module in Python is designed to avoid the floating point errors we just talked about. By using Decimal objects, you can represent numbers exactly as decimal fractions, and you can even control the precision of calculations with getcontext.
微距鏡拍攝時背景模糊的主要原因是景深極淺。鏡頭在近距離對焦時，清晰範圍非常有限，導致主體清晰而背景自然模糊。這種效果是微距攝影的特徵之一。
為什麼微距鏡背景容易模糊？
• 景深淺
微距鏡在近距離拍攝時，即使使用小光圈，景深仍然非常有限。只有焦點附近的區域清晰，其他部分迅速失焦，形成背景模糊。
• 放大倍率高
微距鏡能將物體放大到 1:1 或更高比例，這會進一步壓縮景深，使背景更容易模糊。
• 對焦距離短
微距鏡的最近對焦距離通常只有幾十公分甚至更短，這種近距離拍攝本身就會造成背景失焦。
Macro lenses have an extremely shallow depth of field (DOF), often measured in millimeters or less, because of the high magnification and short focusing distance. This is why only a tiny part of the subject is sharp while the rest quickly falls out of focus.
在攝影中，長鏡頭的「壓縮效果」是指透過長焦距鏡頭拍攝時，畫面中遠近物體之間的距離感被「拉近」，使得背景看起來比肉眼所見更靠近主體，整體呈現一種扁平、擁擠的視覺感受。
常見應用場景
善用壓縮效果可以提升照片的藝術張力，常見於以下題材：
人像攝影：讓主體更突出，背景的雜物因「拉近」而變得模糊且緊湊，營造豐富的層次感。
風景攝影：如拍攝「大月亮」或「巨大夕陽」，長鏡頭能讓遠處的天體看起來與前方的建築物或人物比例相近，視覺上非常震撼。
城市建築：將層層疊疊的樓房、街道或人群「擠」在一起，呈現城市生活的繁華與壓迫感。
運動/生態：在無法靠近主體的情況下，捕捉清晰細節的同時保留背景的完整性。
焦距（Focal Length）與景深（Depth of Field, DOF）成反比關係：焦距越長，景深越淺（背景虛化越明顯）；焦距越短，景深越深（前後景都清晰）。
Google AI Overview
pricey: expensive
squish (something) if something soft squishes or is squished, it is pushed out of shape when it is pressed
slog: to walk or travel somewhere steadily, with great effort or difficulty
tedious: lasting or taking too long and not interesting
decent: of a good enough standard or quality
conundrum: of a good enough standard or quality
game (for something/to do something) ready and willing to do something new, difficult or dangerous
slouch: to stand, sit or move in a lazy way, often with your shoulders and head bent forward
Bill Gates spent significant time at Harvard’s Aiken Computation Laboratory during the mid-1970s. As a student, Gates often used the lab’s PDP-10 computer for intensive programming, sometimes racking up hundreds of hours of computer time monthly and, along with Paul Allen, was noted for using university resources for early commercial projects.
emulate something (computing) (of a computer program, etc.) to work in the same way as another computer, etc. and perform the same tasks
the pecking order: (informal, often humorous) the order of importance in relation to one another among the members of a group
idle: (of machines, factories, etc.) not in use
chunk: (informal) a fairly large amount of something
frenzied: involving a lot of activity and strong emotions in a way that is often violent or frightening and not under control
sabotage something to prevent something from being successful or being achieved, especially deliberately
bust: (North American English) a thing that is not good
tuck something + adv./prep. to push, fold or turn the ends or edges of clothes, paper, etc. so that they are held in place or look neat
A bootstrap loader is a specialized, small program residing in firmware (ROM/BIOS/UEFI) that initializes hardware and loads the operating system (OS) kernel into memory upon powering on a computer.
magnum opus: a large and important work of art, literature or music, especially one that people think is the best work ever produced by that artist, writer, etc.
Bill Gates "Source Code"
Online Dictionaries Used:
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
Google AI overview
An object is any value that lives in memory in Python (numbers, strings, lists, functions, classes, user‑defined things, etc.).
An instance is an object viewed in relation to its class/type, i.e. “this object is an instance of that class.”
In Python, a constructor is the special method that runs automatically when you create an object from a class, usually used to set up initial attributes.
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age): # constructor
self.name = name
self.age = age
p = Person("Alice", 30)
type(Dog('Rover'))
Python evaluates it like this:
- Dog('Rover') creates a new instance (object) of the Dog class, with 'Rover' passed to its constructor.
- type(...) then returns the type of that object.
So the result is the class itself
myList = [[1,2], ['apple'], [3,4,5]]
listLen = len(myList)
- myList is a list containing three sublists:
- [1, 2]
- ['apple']
- [3, 4, 5]
- When you call len(myList), Python counts the top-level elements of myList, not the items inside each sublist.
In Python, while True: means “keep looping forever” because the condition after while is always True.
Here’s the breakdown:
- while is a loop that repeats as long as its condition is true.
- True is a Boolean constant that never changes.
- So while True: creates an infinite loop — the code inside will run endlessly until you manually stop it (like pressing Ctrl + C in a terminal) or break out of it with a break statement.
sepal(萼片): a part of a flower, like a leaf, that lies under and supports the petals (= the thin colored parts that make up the head of the flower). Each flower has a ring of sepals called a calyx.
petal(花瓣): a delicate colored part of a flower. The head of a flower is usually made up of several petals around a central part.
calyx(花萼): the ring of small green leaves (called sepals) that protect a flower before it opens
stamen(雄蕊): a small, thin male part in the middle of a flower that produces pollen and is made up of a stalk supporting an anther. The center of each flower usually has several stamens.
gynoecium(雌蕊): a small, thin male part in the middle of a flower that produces pollen and is made up of a stalk supporting an anther. The center of each flower usually has several stamens.
carpel(心皮): the part of a plant in which seeds are produced
Online Dictionaries Used:
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
www.merriam-webster.com
Canon EF-S 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6 IS USM lens (已停產)
for my entry-level DSLR Canon EOS 1500D
Manufacturing location: Taiwan
Disadvantages:
- Variable aperture (f/3.5–5.6) – not ideal for low-light or professional portrait work.
- Not weather-sealed – less durable in harsh outdoor conditions.
在日本亞馬遜購買，全新。運輸有延誤，未能在這兩日假期內試鏡。
Most important warning: Do not look at the sun or a bright light source through the lens or single-lens reflex camera.
Manual focus adjustments are not possible when the camera is off.
Attach the lens: align the lens's red or white index with the camera's index matching the same color
Red dot → for EF lenses
White square → for EF-S lenses
Once aligned, gently rotate the lens clockwise until it clicks into place.
Microsoft Copilot
On APS-C, the smaller sensor applies a crop factor (≈1.6× for Canon), so the lens behaves like a 29–216mm equivalent on full-frame. On a full-frame body, the same lens gives its true 18–135mm range.
Microsoft Copilot
On the Canon EOS 1500D, exposure compensation in Shutter Priority mode may appear ineffective because the camera automatically adjusts aperture to maintain correct exposure. If the lens reaches its aperture limits, compensation has no visible effect.
ISO Settings: If ISO is fixed, the camera has fewer options to adjust exposure. In Auto ISO, the camera may override compensation by adjusting ISO instead.
How to Make Exposure Compensation Work
- Use Aperture Priority (Av) or Program (P) Mode: These modes give the camera more flexibility to adjust shutter speed or aperture, so compensation is more effective.
- Enable Auto ISO: This allows the camera to adjust ISO when aperture limits are reached, making compensation visible. (咁點解唔自己調 ISO?)
Microsoft Copilot
solder: to join pieces of metal or wire with solder
toggle switch: an electrical switch that you move up and down or backwards and forwards
avid: very enthusiastic about something (often a hobby)
holy grail: a thing that you try very hard to find or achieve, but never will
add-on: a thing that is added to something else
hitch: a problem or difficulty that causes a short delay
mainframe: a large, powerful computer, usually the center of a network and shared by many users
pore over: to look at or read something very carefully
devise: to invent something new or a new way of doing something
conceive: to form an idea, a plan, etc. in your mind
viable: that can be done; that will be successful
tweak: to make slight changes to a machine, system, etc. to improve it
rocketry: the area of science which deals with rockets and with sending rockets into space; the use of rockets
Traf-O-Data was a 1970s business partnership formed by Bill Gates, Paul Allen, and Paul Gilbert to analyze raw traffic data from pneumatic road counters and create reports for traffic engineers. While only moderately successful and ultimately a failure, it was the precursor to Microsoft, providing essential experience with Intel 8008 microprocessors and data processing.
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems, Inc. (MITS), was an American electronics company founded in Albuquerque, New Mexico that began manufacturing electronic calculators in 1971 and personal computers in 1975.
proclamation: an official statement about something important that is made to the public; the act of making an official statement
clunky: (of technology) old-fashioned; not well designed
prototype: the first design of something from which other forms are copied or developed
Bill Gates "Source Code"
Online Dictionaries Used:
hk.dictionary.search.yahoo.com
www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
Google AI overview
en.wikipedia.org
In Python, there is no difference between using double quotes ("Samson") and single quotes ('Samson') when defining a string. Both represent the same type of string object.
print("Samson") # Output: Samson
print('Samson') # Output: Samson
In Python, __init__ is a special method used in classes. It’s often called the constructor, because it runs automatically whenever you create a new object (an instance) from that class.
In Python, class names are typically written with a capitalized first letter.
Class: A blueprint or template. It defines what attributes (data) and methods (behavior) its objects will have.
Object: A specific instance created from that class. Each object has its own data but follows the structure defined by the class.
Microsoft Copilot
I wish I could return
to the time when I knew nothing.
Even knowing the ending would never change,
I still longed for a little time
to escape and look away.
The single lie you told,
in just an instant,
turned the colorful days we had built
into monotonous black and white.
My eyes grew clouded,
and even everything I saw
lost its light.
But in truth, I lied too.
Shouting that it was for both our sakes,
I left behind an answer
opposite to my heart.
Convincing myself it was the right choice
to deceive myself.
If a time machine truly existed in this world,
if there were magic to erase everything,
I would wish for no memory to remain.
If we could meet again, that alone would be enough.
How many times I wished for that—
even now, I wish to fall in love with you once more.
Your helplessness always made me sad,
yet gave me a happiness
I could never find anywhere else.
Compared to all the months and years we shared,
the ending was too abrupt,
disproportionate to what we had.
The future we sketched together,
I erased piece by piece.
And each time, I wondered—
if another future had existed,
would we be laughing together now?
Such thoughts linger endlessly.
Even if a time machine truly existed,
I could never erase everything.
Not the days we loved so deeply.
If there was love,
then being bound together,
and being torn apart,
all held meaning.
So that someday,
on the day I fall into my final love,
I can say with all my heart:
“It was wonderful to meet you.”
And let this goodbye
be one I can accept.
Next time, I will never
let go of someone’s precious hand.
I hope that someday I’ll understand—
this was a love
that taught me what mattered most.
A journey I was meant to experience.
parenthesis: IPA[pəˈrenθəsɪs]
parentheses /pəˈrenθəsiːz/
Common Uses of Shift + Enter
- Jupyter Notebook / JupyterLab
- Runs the current cell and moves to the next one.
- Equivalent to executing code in that cell.
- VS Code (with Python extension)
- By default, it can send selected code to the terminal or Python Interactive window.
- Sometimes it runs code in the terminal instead of the interactive window, depending on your settings.
- You can customize this in Keyboard Shortcuts by mapping Shift + Enter to Python: Run Selection/Line in Python Interactive Window.
