The key difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms is how their seeds are developed. The seeds of angiosperms develop in the ovaries of flowers and are surrounded by a protective fruit. Gymnosperm seeds are usually formed in unisexual cones and the plants lack fruits and flowers.
2023年7月29日星期六
Spores, sporangia and sori
Sorus, plural sori, in botany, brownish or yellowish cluster of spore-producing structures (sporangia) usually located on the lower surface of fern leaves.
In ferns, spores are contained within cases called sporangia that are located on the underside of leaves.
剖腹產、順產、微生物群與免疫疾病
最近的流行病學研究證據表明，選擇性剖腹產與新生兒異常的短期免疫有關，並且增加患哮喘、過敏、1 型糖尿病和乳糜瀉等免疫疾病的風險。
Recent epidemiological
studies provide evidence that elective cesarean section is associated with
aberrant short-term immune responses in the newborn infant, and a greater risk
of developing immune diseases such as asthma, allergies, type 1 diabetes, and
celiac disease.
Author links open overlay
panelClara E. Cho BSc a, a, b, & This review examines the relation between
the mode of delivery and development of the immune system in the offspring.
Recent epidemiological studies provide evidence that elective cesarean section
(CS) is associated with aberrant short-term immune respons. (2012, August 10). Cesarean
section and development of the immune system in the offspring. American
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002937812008575
剖腹產會中斷新生兒與母體陰道微生物群的接觸。 剖腹產分娩的嬰兒獲得的微生物群與陰道分娩的嬰兒不同，剖腹產分娩會增加免疫和代謝疾病的風險。
Exposure of newborns to the maternal vaginal microbiota is
interrupted with cesarean birthing. Babies delivered by cesarean section acquire
a microbiota that differs from that of vaginally delivered infants, and cesarean
section delivery has been associated with increased risk for immune and
metabolic disorders.
Dominguez-Bello, M. G., De Jesus-Laboy, K. M., Shen, N., Cox, L. M., Amir, A., Gonzalez, A., Bokulich, N. A., Song, S. J., Hoashi, M., Rivera-Vinas, J. I., Mendez, K., Knight, R., & Clemente, J. C. (2016, February 1). Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer. Nature News. https://www.nature.com/articles/nm.4039
2023年7月19日星期三
Brushing teeth after meal
飯後30分鐘和60分鐘，口腔酸鹼值同樣恢復正常。
The pH value increases to normal 30 and 60 min after meals.
飯後30分鐘，我們可以刷牙，不需再延後。
Brushing the teeth does not need to be delayed between 30 and 60 min after eating.
Fibryanto E, Widyastuti W. Effect of brushing the teeth before and after meals on salivary pH: A quasi-experimental study. J Int Oral Health 2022;14:163-7
吃或喝酸性物質後立即刷牙會損壞牙齒的琺瑯質。
Brushing immediately after eating or drinking something acidic can damage the enamel layer of the tooth.
Brushing immediately after meals? you may want to wait. Columbia University Irving Medical Center. (2022, June 29). https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/news/brushing-immediately-after-meals-you-may-want-wait
2023年7月14日星期五
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